This study is based on material of the subfamily Phylinae Douglas & Scott, 1865 collected from agricultural and non-agricultural habitats in the provinces of A & gbreve;r & imath;, Ardahan, I & gbreve;d & imath;r, and Kars (Northeastern Anatolia, T & uuml;rkiye) between 2021 and 2024. A total of 30 species belonging to 21 genera were identified. Among them, Oncotylus (Oncotylus) vitticeps Reuter, 1879, and Solenoxyphus candidatus (Reuter, 1879) are recorded from T & uuml;rkiye for the first time. Additionally, new locality data are provided for several previously recorded species. These findings contribute to the knowledge of the Turkish Phylinae fauna.
This study was conducted in 2024 at the Insect Rearing Laboratory of the Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Tekirda & gbreve; Nam & imath;k Kemal University, under controlled laboratory conditions to evaluate the effects of temperature, photoperiod, host density, female age and female density on the performance of Trichogramma Pyralidae) eggs as host. The results indicated that temperature had a significant effect on parasitoid performance. The highest fecundity and female longevity were obtained at 25 degrees C, whereas adult emergence declined at 30 degrees C. Photoperiod also influenced parasitoid performance, and the highest parasitism level was recorded under the 16:8 (L:D) photoperiod. Continuous darkness resulted in a higher proportion of female offspring compared with other photoperiod conditions. Host density also affected parasitism performance, and higher parasitism levels were observed at host densities of 100 and 150 eggs. Female age and female density influenced parasitoid performance. The highest fecundity was observed in one-day-old females, whereas fecundity declined with increasing female age. In addition, parasitism per female decreased as female density increased, while higher female emergence rates were obtained at low female densities.
The fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Drury, 1773) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), is a destructive polyphagous pest that poses a serious threat to hazelnut production worldwide. Effective management strategies are critical for minimizing its economic impact. This study aimed to evaluate the field efficacy of the pupal parasitoid Chouioia cunea Yang, 1989 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and three insecticides -Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki, azadirachtin, and diflubenzuron- applied in hazelnut orchards in D & uuml;zce province of T & uuml;rkiye, between 2020 and 2021. To evaluate their distinct life-stage efficacies, larval mortality was assessed using a randomized complete block design following insecticide treatments targeting early instars, and pupal parasitism was assessed using a randomized plots design across two generations following parasitoid releases. Releases of C. cunea significantly increased pupal parasitism rates, reaching 86.06% in 2020 and 94.95% in 2021, compared to those in the untreated control plots. All insecticide treatments significantly suppressed larval populations, with B. thuringiensis and diflubenzuron consistently achieving higher efficacy than azadirachtin. In 2020, these two insecticides achieved efficacy levels exceeding 77%, while azadirachtin remained below 68%. In 2021, all insecticides showed improved performance, surpassing 90%, although azadirachtin remained slightly less effective. These findings support the potential of utilizing both biological control agents and selective insecticides as complementary tools within a sustainable and environmentally friendly strategy for managing H. cunea in hazelnut orchards.
Chemical control has long been an effective strategy against Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae); however, insecticide resistance increasingly complicates field management. Although the use of many organophosphate (OP) insecticides has been restricted in T & uuml;rkiye, some active ingredients, such as pirimiphos-methyl, are still permitted. Moreover, no updated data on resistance in field populations have been reported in the past decade. In this study, the frequency of the F331W mutation, associated with OP and carbamate resistance, was investigated in B. tabaci populations sampled in 2023 from the Aegean and Mediterranean regions of T & uuml;rkiye using the PCR-RFLP method and a large sample size. Of 360 individuals, 194 had the RR genotype and 166 had the RS genotype, while no SS genotype was detected. The overall frequency of the resistance-associated allele was 76.94%. Although this frequency was slightly higher in the Mediterranean region (78.61%) than in the Aegean region (75.28%), the difference was not statistically significant. The findings indicate that this allele is widespread in major agricultural production areas and appears to be fixed in some populations, particularly in Antalya and Mu & gbreve;la. These results emphasize the need for integrated pest management strategies, including the rotation of insecticides with different modes of action.
Pesticides, including insecticides, are widely used to control pests in modern agriculture. However, a small portion of the applied insecticide reaches the intended target, while off-target losses may contaminate agricultural environments. This review focused on the fate of insecticides in the environment and strategies to reduce their ecotoxicological risks. In this context, the environmental behavior of insecticides, their pathways into the ecosystem and the ecotoxicological effects on non-target organisms, ways to reduce ecotoxicological risks are discussed. Risk-reduction options discussed include IPM, modern application technologies, development of lower-risk insecticides, nanotechnology-based formulations, and remediation. The transport, distribution, persistence, and major exposure routes of insecticides are examined collectively, and measures for minimizing contamination of surface water and groundwater are summarized. Ecotoxicological risk is affected by the physicochemical properties of the insecticide, application method, soil characteristics, and environmental conditions. Future research should prioritize current-use insecticides, acaricides, and nematicides, realistic mixture exposures, and sustainable management strategies.
