Risk is an inseparable part of any organization.Alignment of relationship between risks, growth and return can maximise benefits for the organization. The management of risk involves its continuous monitoring, observance and assessment of changes in contours of existing risks and management of changes in risk profile of a transaction on an ongoing basis. Procurement function is a strategic and most important function for an organisation for its sustenance and profitability. The potential exposure of risks from the breach of contract, liability, delays in completion, force majeure events, natural calamities, warranty issues, patent and intellectual property rights, etc. if not properly addressed can land the company in extremely difficult situations. The major sources of risks are inherently embedded in the ground on which project is to be set up especially in case of hydropower project where geological conditions play a major role. In addition, the political environment, social environment, access and approach to site, macro-economic policies of government especially in relation to taxation and prices of input materials, foreign exchange and above all the expected behaviour of contracting parties form the major potential sources of risks. This article identifies probable models of risk behaviourof an organisation and corresponding types of contract which could be adopted such as Item rate contract, Lump sum contract, Cost plus contract and EPC.Prudence lies in sharing the risk and assigning the risk to a party who is best able to manage it. Risk Management techniques have been suggested fordifferent type of contracts as well for different uncertainties which are normally encounteredand threaten the performance of contracts.
Geographic Information System is a set of tools made up of hardware, software, data, and users, which allows us to capture, store, manage and analyze digital information, as well as make graphs and maps, and represent alphanumeric data that can help improve civilization to understanding their infrastructures. Water distribution network is an infrastructure that crucial to ensure the population gets the water they needed. In this study, the objective was to make an information system of a water distribution network with computerized documentation that will make it easier to develop and expand for the upcoming population that will use this service. Information system key features will be able to: draw pipelines, legend positions, and water installation connections on the map; and make a draft budget based on water distribution network data in the information system.
The recent evolution of disruptive technologies and digitalization compounded by the Covid-19, changing geopolitical situations, and increasing cyber-attacks from not-so-friendly nations has brought about a whole new set of challenges for the Security and Security Evaluation Methodologies for the architectures of Critical Infrastructures of the nation. With the prediction of many more digital devices being connected to the Internet over the next few years, cyberattacks and the focus on cybersecurity protection should increase as well. With this paper we are looking into weakness and cybersecurity contemplations that require legitimate examination, SCADA/SAS framework within a power substation, types of attack, detailed attack process based on case histories and understanding on mitigation ways. © 2021, Central Board of Irrigation and Power. All rights reserved.
Reuse of sub surface drainage water in conventional agriculture for growing salt resistant crops is considered a promising option to enhance the availability of water for irrigation, to expand the cultivated area and to reduce the overall problems of water pollution. In arid and semi arid regions areas where irrigation water is in limited quantity and sufficient rainfall is not occurring, the usage of drainage water is an important strategy for supplementing water resources. A finite element model HYDRUS-2D has been applied to simulate salt accumulation and drainage in irrigated croplands in wheat crop at Sampla site in Rohtak district. Efforts have been made to test the possibility of conjunctive use of agricultural sub surface drainage effluent for watering and understand the effect of blending& recycling of fresh water with saline water in different proportionsespecially for wheat crop. The yield of wheat has also been calculated with blended and cyclic use of canal water & drainage water has been estimated and compared. The outcome of the study indicated that the relative yield of wheat crop was obtained as about 80% when blended or cyclic water was applied with canal water. Furthermore, it is expected that the results of case study will be quite useful for other sites having similar conditions in the field.
