Exercise is a key intervention for proactive health, the benefits of aerobic exercise for glaucoma have been widely recognized, however, the mechanisms underlying the effects of exercise on intraocular pressure and glaucoma remain unclear. As a result, there is no sufficient evidence for clinicians to provide clear exercise prescriptions for patients with glaucoma. This article summarizes and analyzes the effects of different exercise regimens on glaucoma, the mechanisms underlying the benefits of exercise for glaucoma, and the promotion of the concept that exercise is beneficial to glaucoma management. It aims to inspire researchers to conduct further investigations into the mechanisms and practical applications of exercise interventions for glaucoma.
Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a chronic, seasonal, recurrent, bilateral allergic inflammatory disease that predominantly affects children, severely impacting patients' quality of life. The early diagnosis rate of VKC in Chinese children is relatively low, treatment regimens vary, and clinical efficacy is difficult to guarantee. To guide the related clinical practice, the Cornea Group of Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, together with the Chinese Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, developed expert consensus recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric VKC. These recommendations were formulated by integrating evidence-based medical research results from both domestic and international sources and expert clinical experience, and using standardized guideline and consensus development methods.
Objective: To compare the measurement results of a home-use self-tonometer and the Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT) in glaucoma and non-glaucoma subjects, evaluate the accuracy of the home-use self-tonometer, and investigate potential factors influencing the measurement outcomes. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study. Non-glaucoma and glaucoma subjects were consecutively recruited from the Glaucoma Clinic of the Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, between August 2025 and November 2025. After receiving standardized training and certification for the home-use self-tonometer, subjects underwent three sequential intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements: self-measurement by the subject, measurement by a physician (using the home tonometer), and GAT measurement. Differences, correlations, and agreement among the three IOP measurements were analyzed using paired one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson correlation coefficients, and Bland-Altman analysis with 95% limits of agreement. Paired t-tests were used to analyze whether there were differences in measurement errors between the left and right eyes during subject self-measurement. Univariate and multivariate regression analysis were performed to evaluate factors associated with measurement errors of the home-use self-rebound tonometer Both eyes were included when analyzing the difference in measurement errors between left and right eyes; for all other statistical analyses, only data from one eye per subject were included. Results: A total of 69 subjects (132 eyes) were recruited, with a mean age of (38.16±11.57) years, including 15 non-glaucoma subjects (30 eyes) and 54 glaucoma patients (102 eyes). Sixty-six subjects (95.65%) passed the certification. The IOP values obtained from subject self-measurement, physician measurement, and GAT were (15.74±4.40) mmHg, (15.70±5.22) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), and (15.88±5.10) mmHg, respectively, with no statistically significant differences among the three methods (F=0.12, P=0.874). Strong correlations were observed between GAT measurements and physician measurements, between GAT measurements and subject self-measurements, and between physician measurements and subject self-measurements (r=0.86, 0.75, and 0.78, respectively; all P<0.001). Using GAT values as the reference, the mean biases between GAT and physician measurements and between GAT and subject self-measurements were (0.19±2.70) mmHg and (0.14±3.41) mmHg, respectively, while the mean bias between the physician and the subject using the home-use self-tonometer was (-0.05±3.27) mmHg. Compared with GAT measurements, the measurement errors of subject self-measurement in the right and left eyes were (-0.05±3.21) mmHg and (-0.03±2.72) mmHg, respectively, with no significant difference between eyes (P=0.872). In univariate linear regression analysis, the measurement error of subject self-measurement was positively associated with GAT-measured IOP (β=0.35, 95%CI: 0.21-0.49, P<0.001). The measurement differences between physician and subject measurements using the home-use self-rebound tonometer were positively associated with best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and GAT-measured IOP (β=5.26 and 0.24, respectively; 95%CI: 2.04-8.48 and 0.09-0.38, respectively; both P=0.002). Glaucoma was associated with increased measurement differences between physician and subject measurements using the home-use self-rebound tonometer (β=2.10, 95%CI: 0.27-3.92, P=0.028). In multivariate linear regression analysis, GAT-measured IOP was an independent factor associated with physician measurement error (β=-0.29, 95%CI: 0.06-0.55, P=0.022). Conclusion: The home-use self-rebound-tonometer showed good agreement with the Goldmann applanation tonometer in both glaucoma and non-glaucoma subjects, indicating that the measurement results obtained using the home-use self-rebound tonometer are reliable.
A 17-year-old female patient presented with acute ocular pain and rapidly progressive visual loss in one eye. Ophthalmic examination revealed leukocoria and neovascular glaucoma. Ocular ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated an intraocular space-occupying lesion with calcification foci. Enucleation of the affected eye was performed due to the advanced stage of intraocular disease. Histopathological examination showed a malignant small round cell tumor with Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes, with extensive choroidal invasion, and the pathological diagnosis was confirmed as retinoblastoma (pT3a). Postoperatively, the patient received two cycles of systemic chemotherapy with vincristine, etoposide, and carboplatin. During a 8-year follow-up, no local recurrence, distant metastasis, or secondary malignant tumor was observed.
Dry eye disease is a multifactorial chronic ocular surface disorder, in which inflammatory response plays a pivotal role in its onset and progression. In recent years, with a deepening understanding of the pathogenesis of dry eye and an increasing clinical application of various anti-inflammatory drugs, the appropriate and precise selection of these agents for anti-inflammatory therapy has become of paramount significance in improving clinical outcomes. Starting with the importance of anti-inflammatory therapy for dry eye, this article discusses and summarizes current research evidence and clinical experience regarding the clinical evaluation of inflammation in dry eye, anti-inflammatory therapy, combination anti-inflammatory therapy and its drug selection, perioperative management, and patient education. The aim is to provide a scientific, standardized, and practical diagnostic and therapeutic reference for clinical practice.
