This paper is the second part of an overview dealing with experimental and clinical studies in ischemic and pharmacological preconditioning. It considers the possibilities of practically using the available knowledge on the mechanisms of preconditioning, the interaction of agents from different groups in exhibiting the protective effects of inhaled anesthetics in anesthesiology and resuscitation. Data are given on the efficacy of the discussed processes in different organs and tissues. The possibility of using opioids and other biologically active substances that are likely to have a protective effect against hypoxia is discussed separately. The problems of remote preconditioning and post-conditioning are touched upon. The available data on the impact of choosing an anesthetic mode on the course of immediate and long-term postoperative periods and mortality rates are analyzed; the problem of the old heart is discussed. It is concluded that studies dealing with the problems of pre- and postconditioning are urgent and of great scientific and practical value. Key words: ischemic preconditioning, pharmacological preconditioning, anesthetic preconditioning, postconditioning.
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