The evolving need for eco-friendly and efficient energy storage devices has prompted the exploration of sustainable electrode materials. Biomass-derived porous carbon stands out from traditional carbon materials due to its supercapacitor application advantages, which include natural availability, cost-effectiveness, low carbon superstructure porosity, easy structural modification, and heteroatom content. This review focuses on synthesis and structural performance of biomass-derived porous carbon electrodes, while also highlighting their electrochemical functionality and practical challenges. Recent research shows significant electrochemical performance, including specific capacitance over 300F/g, energy density of 60 Wh/kg in asymmetric configurations, and sustained cycling stability (greater than 90% after 10,000 cycles). These advances have been offset by critical obstacles including feedstock inconsistency, environmental challenges from chemical activation, limited scalability, lack of measurement standards, and performance benchmarks. This review describes such gaps in detail and proposes green material synthesis, eco-friendly machine learning design, and lifecycle sustainability furthering material performance as primary focal points.
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