A Framework for Managing Antarctica's Biofouling Risks

Invasive species are a significant threat to marine ecosystems, contributing to biodiversity loss and ecosystem changes. Biofouling, the accumulation of aquatic organisms on vessel hulls, is one of the main pathways for invasive species worldwide, with invasive species present in nearly all marine ecosystems. Antarctica currently remains free of known established populations of marine non-native species. Vessel surveys have, however, identified diverse biofouling communities on Antarctic-bound vessels. Here, we evaluate the effectiveness of biofouling guidelines in place worldwide, in an Antarctic context, assessing whether a comprehensive international biofouling management agreement could benefit the region. Guided by the International Maritime Organization's GloFouling Partnership's guidelines and building on recent work within the Antarctic Treaty System, we review the risks posed by biofouling, examine the applicability of existing management strategies, and identify technical elements for a comprehensive biofouling agreement tailored to Antarctica. The implementation of risk-based biofouling policies, through the Antarctic Treaty System in the departure ports of Antarctic vessels is proposed. Given the increasing vessel activity in the Antarctic and rapidly changing environmental conditions as a result of climate change, implementing specific biofouling regulations will further enable the Antarctic Treaty System's stakeholders to discharge their obligations to protect Antarctica's unique marine ecosystems and biodiversity.