A Review on the Benefits and Possibilities of Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) for American Lobster: Considering Environmental Response and Importance

As environmental pressures intensify, sustaining ecologically and economically important marine species such as the American lobster has become an increasing challenge. Climate-driven stressors are expected to disproportionately affect early life stages of the American lobster (Homarus americanus), as sea surface temperatures are warming more rapidly than benthic habitats. In addition, environmental pollutants, including micro- and nanoplastics, trace metals, persistent organic pollutants, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, can interact with climate change to exacerbate physiological stress. Previous studies have demonstrated that changes in temperature, salinity, and pH significantly influence development, moulting, cardiac function, survival, and disease susceptibility in H. americanus. In this context, aquaculture-based approaches are being explored as complementary tools to support stock resilience and reduce reliance on wild populations. Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) offer a controlled framework to investigate the combined effects of environmental stressors on H. americanus physiology while assessing the feasibility of closed-system rearing. Overall, this review synthesizes current knowledge on the physiological responses of H. americanus to multiple environmental stressors, with particular emphasis on identifying optimal rearing conditions in RAS. By integrating these findings, the review aims to inform strategies for improving the sustainability and long-term viability of American lobster production under changing environmental conditions.