A Simulation Framework for Evaluating Wireless Sensor Clock Discipline Algorithms

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) deployed in harsh environments, such as space missions, face the challenge of maintaining precise time synchronization, especially due to dynamic conditions like rapid temperature fluctuations. This paper introduces a novel, tick-based simulation framework designed to model and evaluate the performance of local clock discipline algorithms. The framework’s methodology is based on a clock error model that incorporates inherent drift, periodic variations, and stochastic noise. An event system simulates dynamic environmental impacts, such as temperature changes derived from actual satellite mission data, allowing for realistic test conditions. In addition, an evolutionary optimization approach is implemented to tune algorithm parameters. To demonstrate its utility, a case study is presented comparing several algorithms using a scenario derived from satellite telemetry. The results validate the simulation framework as a flexible tool for algorithm development and parameter tuning, facilitating the prediction of algorithm performance under extreme conditions.