One Welfare is an emerging concept that seeks to integrate the welfare of animals, humans and the environment. This systematic review examines the role of laboratory animal veterinarians in promoting One Welfare within the context of animal use for scientific research. By analysing 65 publications, we explored the diverse roles of laboratory animal veterinarians in advancing animal welfare, supporting human health and promoting environmental sustainability. The reviewed literature described veterinarians' involvement in areas such as animal welfare oversight, implementation of the Three Rs principles, regulatory compliance and ethical review processes. Several themes emerged that are related to the One Welfare framework, namely: veterinary oversight, welfare assessment and implementation, emotional wellbeing, professional support, and contribution to education and training. The literature highlights the potential need for specialised training in laboratory animal medicine, and outlines the challenges veterinarians encounter regarding ethical considerations and cognitive dissonance in research environments. Based on the identified gaps, we propose measures to reinforce the principles of One Welfare, including interdisciplinary collaboration and the adoption of strategies to safeguard the environment (e.g. the use of composting for minimally-infectious waste and digesters for high-impact waste). Additionally, we recommend establishing institutional sustainability committees to oversee governance and resource management across research institutions.
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