Adsorptive Remediation of Cyflumetofen from Wastewater Using Melia Azedarach-Derived Clay Biochar Composite: Study of Kinetics, Isotherms, and Thermodynamics

In this study the Melia Composite (MC) was synthesized from local Melia azedarach fruit raw and local clay, batch adsorption method used for removal of Cyflumetofen (CYF) (Danisaraba) pesticide by adsorption. MC were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDX), BET surface area and thermal analysis (TGA, DTG). The performance of MC was elevated at four different temperatures (20, 30, 40 and 50 °C), and the effect of various parameters such as contact time, biosorbent dosage, adsorption isotherm and initial CYF concentration (50–1000 mg L⁻1) on its removal efficiency was investigated. The highest CYF removal efficiency of 70.84 R^2 = 0.9883–0.9957) provide a better fit for kinetic analysis, the Freundlich isotherm model ( R^2 = 0.9749–0.9867) provided a better fit than the Langmuir model for adsorption of CYF by MC. The maximum adsorption capacity reached 143.69 mg g⁻1at 50 °C, while the desorption efficiency reached 84.8 ΔH^∘ of 18.82 kJ mol−1 and ΔS^∘ of 56.95 J mol−1 K−1. The adsorption process was identified as spontaneous, indicated by the negative ΔG^∘ , and endothermic, as evidence by the positive of ΔH^∘ . The MC achieved 100