Advances in Foamed Hydrogel-Based Fire Extinguishing Systems: Bridging Performance, Sustainability, and Technological Innovation

Fire suppression technology faces critical challenges in rapid response to high-temperature fires, resource efficiency, and environmental sustainability. Foamed hydrogel technology has emerged as a revolutionary approach, offering exceptional performance and versatile application potential. This review systematically examines the core principles of foamed hydrogel preparation, focusing on polymer material selection (e.g., cellulose, sodium alginate) and the rapid foaming mechanism enabling ultrafast foam generation and film formation. Key advancements in material optimization are analyzed, including high water absorption, low-density design, enhanced foam stability, and high-temperature resistance, alongside improvements in water resource utilization and eco-friendliness. Innovative device designs—such as foam-based fire extinguishing tools, specialized additives for firefighting vehicles, and thermal-protective equipment—are proposed to address diverse firefighting scenarios. Technical evaluations demonstrate significant advantages in fire suppression efficiency, cost reduction, and reduced environmental impact compared to conventional methods. Applications span high-temperature fires, personal protective gear, and industrial/civil fire emergencies. However, limitations persist in foaming adaptability, device portability, and extreme environment applicability, necessitating further research. Prospects highlight the integration of intelligent automation, global scalability, and synergistic development with complementary firefighting technologies. Foamed hydrogel technology represents a transformative solution for modern fire protection, combining efficiency, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness with profound implications for advancing fire safety science and engineering.