The human prefrontal cortex (PFC), whose laminar organization is essential for cognitive function, is among the first regions to show age-related functional decline1,2. Single-cell sequencing studies revealed cell type-dependent aging effects but lacked spatial specificity3-6. Spatial transcriptomics (ST) advanced our molecular understanding of the human PFC7, yet whether aging-driven changes differ across PFC layers remains unclear. Here, we performed whole-transcriptome ST on postmortem PFC from 37 individuals across the adult lifespan. We mapped cortical layers and revealed aging mechanisms across layers. This represents one of the largest and most comprehensive lifespan ST analysis of the human PFC brain, offering crucial insight into how the brain ages and identifying potential molecular targets to mitigate cognitive aging and extend healthspan.
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