An in Silico Evaluation of Signal and Separability Properties of K-Edge Materials in Spectral CT

Spectral CT can acquire signal at multiple x-ray energy levels. This enables material quantification by exploiting differences in x-ray attenuation across energy levels, particularly for k-edge materials. This simulation study quantified the signal and separability of current and potential clinical contrast agents across a range of materials and energies. A validated CT simulation platform was used to simulate a clinical photon-counting CT scanner with two energy thresholds. A cylindrical phantom containing common biological materials, clinical contrast agents, candidate contrast agents and nanoparticles, and investigational materials was imaged with varying upper energy thresholds (50–90 keV). At each energy level, images were assessed for noise, each material was assessed for contrast, and each material pair was evaluated for separability. Material contrasts reached peak value at the closest threshold higher than their respective k-edge. The energy threshold that produced the highest separability for each pair was characterized. Selection of energy threshold was dependent on the materials of interest. Threshold values at or just above a material’s k-edge maximized material signal while separability was maximized by the threshold that best separated k-edge signals.