Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are critically involved in cross-kingdom communication and plant defense mechanisms. However, their potential as delivery vehicles for exogenous antimicrobial agents remains largely unexplored. In this study, we show that EVs are essential for rice immunity against Magnaporthe oryzae, with their secretion being significantly induced upon infection. Genetic evidence from Oryza sativa Tetraspanin 7 (OsTET7) and OsTET13 overexpression lines and mutants further confirms the role of EVs in rice resistance to M. oryzae. Additionally, we demonstrate that rice-derived EVs are internalized by M. oryzae and subsequently suppress the hyphal growth. We successfully loaded the anti-fungal peptide LL37 onto rice EVs, forming stable EV-LL37 complexes, and demonstrated its efficacy in suppressing M. oryzae. These complexes displayed improved environmental stability and enhanced adhesion to leaf surfaces under stress conditions, resulting in sustained anti-fungal activity. Our results highlight the dual function of rice EVs as innate immune components and efficient nanocarriers for antimicrobial agents, providing a novel platform for crop protection strategies.
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