. Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) is a top-level ontology consisting of thirty-eight classes, designed to support information integration, retrieval, and analysis across all domains of scientific investigation, presently employed in over 350 ontology projects around the world. BFO is a genuine top-level ontology, containing no terms particular to material domains, such as physics, medicine, or psychology. In this paper, we demonstrate how a series of cases illustrating common types of change may be represented by universals, defined classes, and relations employing the BFO framework. We provide discussion of these cases to provide a template for other ontologists using BFO, as well as to facilitate comparison with the strategies proposed by ontologists using di ff erent top-level ontologies. to represent seven These cases, their and their accompanying focus statements are discussed in order to provide a template for other ontologists using BFO, as well as to facilitate comparison with the strategies proposed by ontologists using di ff erent top-level ontologies.
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