done Most notable is the conversion of methane to methyl bisulfate in the presence of a platinum catalyst. The reaction is carried out in 100% sulfuric acid using SO 3 as et al. 1998). In similar work, methane undergoes direct partial oxidation using iodate salts with catalytic amounts of chloride in protic solvents. In HTFA (where TFA is trifluoroacetate), greater than 20% methane conversion with more than 85% selectivity for MeTFA were achieved (Fortman et al. 2014). Work is continuing for closing trapped in the cross channels of the pores. The currently accepted mechanism is referred to as the hydrocarbon pool (HCP) mechanism. If not supplied with sufficient additional methanol (or DME), the HMB eventually leads to coke formation. At reaction temperatures below 250 °C, no methanol conversion is observed. Only methanol and dimethyl ether appear in the effluents. There is a fast deactivation of the catalyst at lower temperatures with the appearance of light olefins and other hydrocarbons in the temperature of 300−325 °C. The yield of hydrocarbon products catalytically to produce drop-in and and methoxymethyl-furfural) that can then upgraded precursors converted into distillate-range hydrocarbons through hydrogenation, condensation, and hydrodeoxygenation. ) acids can converted through converted hydrocarbon fuel ketonization, aldol condensation, and oxides of the spinel or perovskite structure, such as Co 3 O 4 that exhibit overpotentials of ~350 mV at a current density of 10 mA/cm 2 in 1.0 M KOH, have shown the most success (Esswein et al. 2009). A Ni foam ionomer-impregnated Ni-Fe cathode, which exhibited ~0.35 V overpotential at 400 mA/cm 2 in 1.0 M KOH solution at 40 °C, displayed even better OER performance (Xiao et al. 2012). Other catalysts, such as the recently developed ultrathin Ni-Fe layered double hydroxide (NiFe-LDH) nanoplates on mildly oxidized multiwalled CNTs (Gong et al. 2013), are difficult to compare directly to AEM electrolyzers, since the catalyst loading, catalyst morphology, interaction between catalyst and AEM ionomer, and mass transport challenges in ionomer-impregnated anodes are not present in model systems (Shen
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