This chapter delves into the world of private or permissioned blockchains. We begin by contrasting private blockchains with their public counterparts, illustrating that private blockchains prioritize performance over security. The crux of performance lies in efficient transaction execution and the capability to scale out. For transaction execution, we provide a comprehensive survey on recent development on deterministic concurrency control, which is able to parallelize transaction execution without hurting blockchain consistency. We also explore how private blockchains achieve scalability by employing sharding techniques. This chapter aims to offer readers a cutting-edge perspective in performance optimization of private blockchains.