Introduction. Bacterial blood infections during febrile neutropenia episodes are urgent medical conditions which were and still are the main cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with hematologic malignancies. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and clinical characteristics of bacteremia, infectious agents, presence and incidence of antibiotic resistance, as well as the treatment outcome of bloodstream infections in patients with hematologic malignancies. Material and Methods. A three-year retrospective study included 107 patients with hematologic malignancies and positive blood culture results during febrile neutropenia. Results. The most common isolates were Gram-negative bacteria (58.5%), with Escherichia coli being the most frequent pathogen. The Gram-negative microorganisms were mostly sensitive to carbapenems in 70.7%, whereas sensitivity to other antibiotics was as follows: piperacillin/ tazobactam 62%, amikacin 58.5%, and third-generation cephalosporins 50.5%. Acinetobacter spp. was sensitive only to colistin (94.1%). The antibiotic sensitivity among Gram-positive bacteria was highest to linezolid (97.1%), followed by teicoplanin (81.4%) and vancomycin (81.4%). In our patients, the mortality rate during the first 28 days from the moment of positive isolates was high (37.4%). Most patients died within the first seven days. Bacterial blood infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria were associated with significantly higher mortality (?2 = 4.92, p = 0.026). Acinetobacter spp. was isolated in almost half of the patients with fatal outcome, of whom 62.5% died in the first 24 hours. Conclusion. Bacterial bloodstream infections are severe complications with a high rate of mortality in febrile neutropenic hematological patients. Gram-negative bacteria were the most common isolates in our Clinic, with high mortality. It is of utmost importance to constantly monitor the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics, as well as to prevent and control the spread of resistant strains. Antibiotics resistance patterns should regularly be followed.
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