Boosting LLMs for Mutation Generation

LLM-based mutation testing is a promising testing technology, but existing approaches typically rely on a fixed set of mutations as few-shot examples or none at all. This can result in generic low-quality mutations, missed context-specific mutation patterns, substantial numbers of redundant and uncompilable mutants, and limited semantic similarity to real bugs. To overcome these limitations, we introduce SMART (Semantic Mutation with Adaptive Retrieval and Tuning). SMART integrates retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) on a vectorized dataset of real-world bugs, focused code chunking, and supervised fine-tuning using mutations coupled with real-world bugs. We conducted an extensive empirical study of SMART using 1,991 real-world Java bugs from the Defects4J and ConDefects datasets, comparing SMART to the state-of-the-art LLM-based approaches, LLMut and LLMorpheus. The results reveal that SMART substantially improves mutation validity, effectiveness, and efficiency (even enabling small-scale 7B-scale models to match or even surpass large models like GPT-4o). We also demonstrate that SMART significantly improves downstream software engineering applications, including test case prioritization and fault localization. More specifically, SMART improves validity (weighted average generation rate) from 42.89