Can Medical Comorbidities Modify the Clinical Evolution of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Dementia?

Despite the health and societal burden that Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has on the elderly population, the underlying cause is not fully understood. Researchers are investigating possible mechanisms, and current studies have suggested that a number of comorbidities increase/decrease the likelihood of AD onset. The aim of the current study was to explore the associations between various comorbidities and AD in older Australians from an epidemiological perspective. This study used secondary participant data from the Australian Imaging, Biomarker & Lifestyle (AIBL) study (n = 2436) to perform a quantitative analysis. Univariable logistic regression was used to quantify the relationship between comorbidities and mild cognitive impairment (MCI)/AD, represented as odds ratios (ORs). The top 20 comorbidities were investigated as the exposure and based on the participants’ medical histories. MCI and AD were the outcomes of interest (with cognitive unimpairment as the reference) and were based on participants’ cognitive health diagnoses. Selected comorbidity associations with MCI/AD were also analysed via multivariable logistic regression, by stratifying and adjusting for sex, age, education, smoking, drinking and APOE ε4 allele carrier status. From the univariable logistic regression, the comorbidities with the strongest odds of developing AD in the AIBL cohort were anxiety, depression, neurological disorders, falls and stroke. Comorbidities with the most reduced odds of developing AD were kidney disease, liver disease and visual defects. These associations remained significant after multivariable logistic regression. When stratified for each covariate, several comorbidity associations observed effect modification from sex and APOE ε4 allele carrier status. When adjusted for all covariates, most of the selected comorbidity associations observed significant confounding. There were moderate similarities between the MCI and AD analyses. This study presents evidence that certain comorbidities appear to modify the clinical evolution of MCI/AD. Further research is needed to identify the mechanisms behind these associations and the potential modifying effect on MCI/AD.