This chapter mentions articles with the description of the crystal fields (CEF) in rare-earth (RE) systems by Hutchings and Newman. It discusses the retarding effects that deal with the various physical effects caused by the crystal field splitting of the RE. The chapter discusses inelastic neutron scattering that is useful for studying the excitations of a system of interacting RE-ions. Possible new effects resulting from interactions other than the isotropic exchange interaction are also discussed in the chapter. There are a large number of theoretical and experimental investigations available that deal with cooperative phenomena in lattices of CEF-split ions. These cooperative phenomena are discussed that result from the mutual interactions among the RE-ions. The chapter focuses on two particular types of effective ion–ion interactions—namely, the isotropic exchange and the quadrupolar Coulomb interaction. The chapter discusses influence of impurities in lattices of crystal-field split ions.
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