Circuitry of Primate Prefrontal Cortex and Regulation of Behavior by Representational Memory

The sections in this article are: 1 Essence of Prefrontal Function: Regulation of Behavior by Representational Knowledge 1.1 Subdivisions of Prefrontal Cortex 1.2 Global Nature of Prefrontal Syndrome in Humans 1.3 Animal Model for Prefrontal Function in Humans 1.4 Delayed-Response Tests and Varying Interpretations of Their Functional Significance 1.5 Distractability and Perseveration: Secondary Consequences of Basic Defect in Representational Memory 1.6 Representational Memory in Wisconsin Card Sort and Other Diagnostic Tests of Prefrontal Function in Humans 1.7 Localization of Delayed-Response Function: Principal Sulcus 1.8 Circuit Basis of Visuospatial Functions 2 Accessing and “On-Line” Processing of Representations in Visuospatial Domain: Parietal-Prefrontal Connections 2.1 Visuospatial Representational Memory in Humans 2.2 Spatial-Mnemonic Nature of Delayed-Response Deficit: Domain-Specific Memory Loss 2.3 Topography of Representational Memory in Prefrontal Cortex 2.4 Electrophysiological Evidence of Spatial-Mnemonic Processes in Principal Sulcus 2.5 Parietal-Prefrontal Connectivity 2.6 Columnar and Laminar Framework for Feedforward and Feedback Mechanisms 2.7 Functional Significance of Parietal-Prefrontal Collaboration 3 Long-Term Memory and “Off-Line” Processing: Prefrontal-Limbic Connections 3.1 Role of Hippocampus in Spatial Memory 3.2 Multiple Connections Between Principal Sulcus and Hippocampal Formation 3.3 Quadripartite Neural Network: Parietal-Temporal-Cingulate-Prefrontal Circuit 3.4 Limbic Contribution to Spatial Memory 4 Response Initiation and Inhibition: Projections to Striatum, Tectum, Thalamus, and Premotor Cortex 4.1 Motor-Control Functions of Prefrontal Cortex 4.2 Cortical-Striatal Pathway and Related Feedback Loops 4.3 Cortical-Tectal Pathway 4.4 Thalamic-Cortical Systems 4.5 Prefrontal-Premotor Connections: Anterior Supplementary Motor Cortex Relays 4.6 Functional Speculations 5 Modulatory Mechanisms: Brain Stem Catecholamine Projections 5.1 Activation of Cognitive Machinery 5.2 Concentration and Synthesis of Catecholamines in Primate Cortex 5.3 Brain Stem Innervation of Prefrontal Cortex 5.4 Delayed-Response Deficits and Recovery Produced by Catecholamine Loss and Replacement in Prefrontal Cortex 5.5 Circuit Basis for Neuromodulation in Principal Sulcus 6 Multiple Subsystems of Prefrontal Cortex: Unity or Diversity of Function 6.1 Unity or Diversity of Prefrontal Function 6.2 Frontal Eye Fields 6.3 Inferior Convexity 6.4 Orbital Prefrontal Cortices 6.5 Problem of Integration 7 Diseases Affecting Prefrontal Cortex 7.1 Schizophrenia: Loss of Corticocortical Processing and Regulation of Behavior by Representational Knowledge 7.2 Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome: Loss of Thalamocortical and Brain Stem Modulatory Mechanisms 7.3 Huntington's Chorea and Parkinson's Disease: Loss of Prefrontal-Striatal Mechanisms and Initiation or Inhibition of Motor Response 7.4 Overview of Neurobiology of Disease 8 Summary