Cognition, Evolution, and Behavior

Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1. Cognition and the study of behavior 1.1 What is comparative cognition about? 1.2 Kinds of explanation for behavior 1.3 Approaches to comparative cognition 1.4 Summary Chapter 2. Evolution, behavior, and cognition: A primer 2.1 Testing adaptation 2.2 Mapping phylogeny 2.3 Evolution, cognition, and the structure of behavior 2.4 Evolution and the brain 2.5 What does all this have to do with comparative psychology? 2.6 Summarizing and looking ahead Part I. Fundamental Mechanisms Chapter 3. Perception and attention 3.1 Specialized sensory systems 3.2 How can we find out what animals perceive? 3.3 Some psychophysical principles 3.4 Signal detection theory 3.5 Perception and evolution: Sensory ecology 3.6 Search and attention 3.7 Attention and foraging: The behavioral ecology of attention 3.8 Summary Chapter 4. Learning: Introduction and Pavlovian conditioning 4.1 General processes and constraints on 4.2 A framework for thinking about learning 4.3 When and how will learning evolve? 4.4 Pavlovian conditioning: Conditions for learning 4.5 What is learned? 4.6 Conditional control of behavior: Occasion setting and modulation 4.7 Effects of learning on behavior 4.8 Concluding remarks Chapter 5. Recognition learning 5.1 Habituation 5.2 Perceptual learning 5.3 Imprinting 5.4 The behavioral ecology of social recognition: Recognizing kin 5.5. Forms of recognition learning compared Chapter 6. Discrimination, classification, and concepts 6.1 Three examples 6.2 Untrained responses to natural stimuli 6.3 Classifying complex natural stimuli 6.4 Discrimination learning 6.5 Category discrimination and concepts 6.6 Summary and conclusions Chapter 7. Memory 7.1 Functions and properties of memory 7.2 Methods for studying memory in animals 7.3 Conditions for memory 7.4 Species differences in memory? 7.5 Mechanisms: What is remembered and why is it forgotten? 7.6 Memory and consciousness 7.7 Summary and conclusions Part II. Physical Cognition Chapter 8. Getting around: Spatial cognition 8.1 Mechanisms for spatial orientation 8.2 Modularity and integration 8.3 Acquiring spatial knowledge: The conditions for learning 8.4 Do animals have cognitive maps? 8.5 Summary Chapter 9. Timing 9.1 Circadian rhythms 9.2 Interval timing: Data 9.3 Interval timing: Theories 9.4 Two timing systems? Chapter 10. Numerical competence 10.1 Numerosity discrimination and the analogue magnitude system 10.2 The object tracking system 10.3. Ordinal comparison: Numerosity, serial position, and transitive inference 10.4 Labels and language 10.5 Numerical cognition and comparative psychology Chapter 11. Cognition and the consequences of behavior: Foraging, planning, instrumental learning and using tools 11.1 Foraging 11.2 Long term or short term maximizing: Do animals plan ahead? 11.3 Causal learning and instrumental behavior 11.4 Using tools 11.5 On causal learning and killjoy explanations Part III. Social Cognition Chapter 12. Social intelligence 12.1 The social intelligence hypothesis 12.2 The nature of social knowledge 12.3 Intentionality and social understanding 12.4 Theory of mind 12.5 Cooperation 12.6 Summary Chapter 13. Social learning 13.1 Social learning in context 13.2 Mechanisms : Social learning without imitation 13.3 Mechanisms: Imitation 13.4 Do nonhuman animals teach? 13.5 Animal cultures? 13.6 Conclusions Chapter 14. Communication and language 14.1 Basic issues 14.2 Natural communication systems 14.3 Trying to teach human language to other species 14.4 Language evolution and animal communication: Current directions 14.5 Conclusions Chapter 15. Summing up and looking ahead 15.1 Modularity and the animal mind 15.2 Theory and method in comparative cognition 15.3 Humans vs. other species: Different in degree or kind? 15.4 The future: Tinbergen's four questions, and a fifth one References Index