The World Health Organisation recommends male circumcision for HIV prevention in priority African countries on the basis of clinical trials finding 50–60% reduced femaleto-male transmission [1-3]—with considerable controversy (see Background). Since the WHO recommendation in 2007, a range of research and policy developments have occurred which challenged the basis for the intervention on scientific [4-6], clinical [7,8], epidemiological [9,10], and ethical and human rights grounds (Section I). With respect to nontherapeutic circumcisions performed on children, a range of medico-legal developments have occurred between 2010 and present that have made the intervention increasingly controversial on the global stage. Local opposition to genital cutting practices in Africa, too, is longstanding. Contrary research and on-the-ground observations regarding circumcision for HIV prevention, compounding for more than a decade, have yet to reach the fore.
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