Development of Mucoadhesive Nanofiber As an Alternate Therapeutic Regimen for Subclinical Endometritis in Cattle.

Objectives:Subclinical endometritis in cattle is still a problem that has a detrimental effect on dairy production and fertility. Traditional intrauterine or systemic antibiotic treatments frequently result in suboptimal uterine drug levels, encourage resistance, and increase the possibility of drug residues in food items. The current study aimed to treat subclinical endometritis in repeat breeders by creating and testing an ofloxacin (Ofx)-loaded mucoadhesive polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan nanofiber using the electrospinning technique. Materials and Methods:The process constants were optimised using a central composite design to create a uniform nanofiber with maximum mechanical properties. Furthermore, in vitro (drug release, antibacterial activity), ex vivo (mucoadhesion and retention), and in vivo (endometrial cytology and plasma drug concentration) parameters were evaluated. Results:The scanning electron microscopy image of Ofx nanofiber suggests a diameter of 190-210 nm and tensile strength of 1.33 tensile strength with an entrapment efficiency of 97.54 ± 0.89%. Ofx delivered via nanofiber exhibited sustained release of Ofx up to 216 hours. Ex vivo assessments demonstrated stronger adherence and higher retention, while in vitro studies showed no cytotoxic effects. In vivo studies on the cattle suggested suitability for localized intrauterine administration. These findings indicate that encapsulation of Ofx in nanofibers stabilises the formulation and offers enhanced treatment efficiency compared to a conventional treatment regimen for subclinical endometritis in repeated breeders. Conclusion:Ofx-loaded nanofibers offer a novel and promising localized and mucoadhesive drug delivery approach for subclinical endometritis in cattle. Future research must prioritise further in vivo validation, long-term reproductive effects, and resistance management to translate into practical veterinary uses.