Effects of Modalities in Detecting Behavioral Engagement in Collaborative Game-Based Learning.

Collaborative game-based learning environments have significant potential for creating effective and engaging group learning experiences. These environments offer rich interactions between small groups of students by embedding collaborative problem solving within immersive virtual worlds. Students often share information, ask questions, negotiate, and construct explanations between themselves towards solving a common goal. However, students sometimes disengage from the learning activities, and due to the nature of collaboration, their disengagement can propagate and negatively impact others within the group. From a teacher's perspective, it can be challenging to identify disengaged students within different groups in a classroom as they need to spend a significant amount of time orchestrating the classroom. Prior work has explored automated frameworks for identifying behavioral disengagement. However, most prior work relies on a single modality for identifying disengagement. In this work, we investigate the effects of using multiple modalities to detect disengagement behaviors of students in a collaborative game-based learning environment. For that, we utilized facial video recordings and group chat messages of 26 middle school students while they were interacting with Crystal Island: EcoJourneys, a game-based learning environment for ecosystem science. Our study shows that the predictive accuracy of a unimodal model heavily relies on the modality of the ground truth, whereas multimodal models surpass the unimodal models, trading resources for accuracy. Our findings can benefit future researchers in designing behavioral engagement detection frameworks for assisting teachers in using collaborative game-based learning within their classrooms.