Efficacy and Safety of Bronchial Artery Chemoembolization Combined with Chemotherapy and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Advanced Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of adding bronchial artery chemoembolization (BACE) to chemotherapy in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC). This retrospective study included 71 patients with advanced LUSC treated at Lishui Central Hospital between January 2020 and March 2025. Patients received either chemotherapy plus ICIs (Chemo + ICIs group) or chemotherapy plus ICIs combined with BACE (Chemo + ICIs + BACE group). All patients were histologically diagnosed with LUSC. Baseline clinical characteristics, including demographics, comorbidities, tumor burden, and performance status, were recorded. Tumor response was evaluated using the response evaluation criteria in solid Tumors (RECIST) version 1.1. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Prognostic factors were further explored through univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses. Adverse events (AEs) were recorded throughout the treatment period and graded according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 5.0. Baseline characteristics were balanced between groups. The objective response rate (ORR) was 59.26