The measurement of tramadol as a potent analgesic is essential for the precise control of its dosage to prevent side effects and dependence. This study introduces an innovative electrochemical sensor that utilizes a carbon paste electrode modified with palladium nanoparticlesbonded aluminum oxide nanocomposite (PdNP@Al2O3), resulting in the PdNP@Al2O3 nanocomposite synergistically enhancing the electrocatalytic activity. A multi-technique electrochemical investigation combining cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), impedance spectroscopy (EIS), chronoamperometry, and chronocoulometry revealed superior redox behavior of tramadol on the PdNP@Al2O3-modified electrode compared to unmodified counterparts. Systematic optimization of operational parameters (scan rate: 5-120 mV s(-1), pH: 3.0-9.0, etc.) yielded a robust sensor with a linear response spanning (0.02-120 mu M) and a record-low detection limit of (1.0 nM). In order to determine the selectivity of the method, the effect of different interference species was studied. Tramadol measurement with the above electrode in real samples, as tablets and blood serum, was examined. Tramadol was also measured in the presence of the narcotic drug morphine to investigate the electrode performance in the presence of other drugs.
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