Employing an Interpretive Structural Modeling–System Dynamics Approach for Deep Foundation Pit Risk Assessment Model

Deep foundation construction is characterized by significant unpredictability and growing uncertainty, which creates dynamic risks. Given that deep foundation construction is vulnerable to extreme weather conditions and intense human activity, the assessment of its hazards is of utmost relevance for construction safety management. To do so, this research used a powerful interpretive structural model (ISM) as a foundational framework to analyze the safety risk factors in deep foundation pits; the study also revealed the dynamic properties of the system by utilizing the special benefits of system dynamics (SD), which enabled a deeper comprehension of the system's complex behavior over time. To aid in successful risk assessment, a novel risk causal feedback diagram model that is adept at navigating the system's complexity and temporal fluctuations was established. The suggested model combines the advantages of SD and ISM to produce a solid and trustworthy framework for thoroughly evaluating hazards in deep foundation projects. Its all-encompassing methodology provides a more thorough and precise investigation, giving building experts useful information to strengthen safety measures. This study conducts a case simulation experiment on a resettlement housing project in Tong'an District, Xiamen City, to show the model's applicability. Additionally, this research suggests matching risk control strategies and develops plans to maximize risk management and raise the deep foundation pit's level of safety.