Background:Air pollution is a major global health threat that is expected to worsen, yet its effects on domestic animals remain poorly understood. The objective of this scoping review was to synthesize existing evidence on associations between ambient air pollutants and health outcomes in domestic animals and to identify gaps to guide future research. Methods:A scoping review was conducted following the Arksey and O'Malley framework and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines with 2 search databases (PubMed and Web of Science) using terms related to domestic animals, air pollutants, and potential health outcomes on August 15, 2024. Eligible studies included research evaluating associations between ambient air pollutant exposures and domestic animal health outcomes. Studies assessing indoor air quality or experimental exposures were excluded. Results were synthesized descriptively and narratively. Results:29 studies were included, examining dogs, horses, cattle, sheep, and goats. Reported outcomes spanned cardiopulmonary, neurologic, ophthalmologic, immunologic, metabolic, reproductive, behavioral, performance, production, and mortality. Evidence demonstrated parallels with human health, particularly respiratory and neurologic effects, but cardiovascular and reproductive outcomes were notably underrepresented relative to human literature. Research publications related to air pollution and domestic animal health have increased in recent years, reflecting growing recognition of its contributions to animal health outcomes. Clinical Relevance:Veterinarians are increasingly confronted with questions about the health impacts of poor air quality. This review consolidates current evidence, identifies vulnerable populations, and highlights air pollution as an emerging risk to domestic animal health. Expanding research will strengthen veterinarians' ability to recognize, mitigate, and advise on pollution-related health impacts.
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