Extracellular Vesicle Analysis: Recent Technological Advances and Emerging Opportunities.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound vesicles that mediate intercellular communication and have gained significant interest as potential biomarker sources and therapeutic agents. This review summarizes the most recent advances in EV analysis, including an overview of EV biology, current approaches for EV isolation and enrichment, and emerging technologies for EV detection, with a particular focus on single-EV analysis. We also examine the integration of artificial intelligence into EV research. This review provides a broad perspective into the landscape of EV analysis and highlights potential future directions in this rapidly evolving field to improve the analytical rigor and translational potential of EV-based diagnostics and therapeutics.