The Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) prohibits the development, production, and stockpiling of biological weapons. Since its creation in the 1970's it has lacked a mechanism to verify compliance of its States Parties. Most of the 1990s was spent trying to develop such a regime. These failed in 2001. The authors consider the scientific and technical feasibility of verifying compliance with the BWC, primarily focussing on on-site verification (activities conducted with physical access to a facility) but also addressing off-site verification (activities that can be conducted from other locations). They review past thinking on what verifying the BTWC was to accomplish, the verification measures identified, and the assessment criteria used. They then examine changes in the life sciences, biotechnology, and biomanufacturing since the last time these issues were considered at the multilateral level in 1993. Using criteria previously developed by the BWC States Parties, the authors assess the impact of current scientific and technical capabilities on verifying compliance with the BWC. They conclude that using a variety of measures in concert, and by compiling numerous sources of information and signatures of unusual behaviour, it might be feasible to identify non-compliance with the BWC. They identify several ways in which advances offer opportunities and challenges to verifying compliance with the BWC. They consider how current trends may affect future work on verification and how that might be integrated into the work of the BWC.
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