Abstract The German adverb wieder ‘again’ has a restitutive and a repetitive meaning with different base positions reflecting their semantic relations to the rest of the sentence. In its restitutive reading, it is a process adverb which is a V-adjunct, whereas in its repetitive reading it is an event adverb which is adjoined in a higher position. The diachronic development of wieder from a restitutive to a repetitive adverb results from a reanalysis made possible by an ambiguous surface structure in the German middle field and semantic ambiguities. These also provide the critical context for the further development of wieder into a modal particle with a remind-me meaning. The modal particle is the result of grammaticalization processes which applies to some other temporal adverbs that can occur in combinations with wieder.
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