Seasonal freeze–thaw (F–T) cycles pose significant challenges to the structural performance and long-term durability of road infrastructure in cold regions. Repeated freezing and thawing lead to frost heave, thaw weakening, and subgrade strength loss, often resulting in rutting, potholes, and premature pavement deterioration. Geosynthetics, including planar systems such as geotextiles, geogrids, and geomembranes, as well as three-dimensional systems such as geocells, have increasingly been adopted in transportation infrastructure to improve pavement stability and extend service life. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the state of the art and current practices of geosynthetic applications in cold-region pavements subjected to seasonal freeze–thaw cycles. The review synthesizes findings from field investigations, long-term pavement monitoring, laboratory testing, and numerical modeling studies. Results from experimental studies generally indicate that geosynthetics can enhance pavement performance, although the magnitude of improvement varies depending on soil conditions, moisture content, and reinforcement types. However, most of the existing numerical models and pavement design frameworks do not explicitly incorporate freeze–thaw processes or temperature-dependent soil–geosynthetic interface behavior. Current pavement design frameworks, including the AASHTO 1993 Guide for Design of Pavement Structures and its subsequent Mechanistic–Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG), along with the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and Transportation Association of Canada (TAC) guidelines, provide limited integration of geosynthetic reinforcement with seasonal variations in soil properties. The review highlights the need for more climate-responsive design parameters and standardized frameworks that incorporate freeze–thaw effects to enable reliable and sustainable use of geosynthetics in cold-region transportation infrastructure.
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