Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) based gene transfer systems are gaining in popularity due to their ability to transduce terminally differentiated and non-dividing cells. Oncoretroviral vectors based on Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV), on the other hand, can only transduce dividing cells. The reasons for increased ability of lentivirus vectors to transduce such cells has been attributed to several of the viral proteins (integrase, matrix and Vpr) that are purported to be involved in the nuclear import of the pre-integration complex (PIC). Nuclear import is also augmented by a unique triple stranded DNA region created during reverse transcription of the incoming viral RNA in the target cell (discussed in chapter 3). This chapter deals with the rationale behind the design of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) based packaging systems with an emphasis on some recent advances in the field for the creation of safe and efficient HIV-1 based vectors. The review covers trans-acting proteins and cis-sequences required for the deployment of HIV-1 vectors for gene transfer. This is a rapidly advancing field that with further refinements may soon allow the utilization of HIV-1 based and/or other lentivirus vectors in a clinical setting.
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