Rechargeable cells with alkali metal anode and solid solution cathode are considerably promising for high energy density batteries and micro-batteries1 based on an intercalation reaction. Under appropriate conditions a topochemical reaction of specific particles and a pre-existing structure having a large number of certain energy states may proceed as an intercalation reaction. An intercalation system exists as far as the increase in internal energy of the structure-host is less than any other non reversible process. The final criteria for the existence of an intercalation system are the observation of one (or more) single phas in the chemical potential u. vs. x, the intercalant concentration in the host -by a proper titration- and the high reversibility of the reaction. The theoretical background below an intercalation process for a lamellar host (TMD) with a high number of electron states has been developed2 and clarified3–4 already. Later on, the successful intercalation of alkali metals in more general host structures, like the 2D and 3D oxides5, presented the necessity of simultaneous consideration for ions and electrons as intercalant particles due to the limited number of electron states not far from the initial Fermi level. The origin of the “lattice gas model” for intercalation can be found in certain models of statistical mechanics for a similar to intercalants quantum assembly.
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