In this chapter I discuss the relationship between interference microscopy and phase-contrast microscopy and how both types of microscopy convert a difference in phase in transparent and would-be invisible specimens into a difference in intensity that is visible. I discuss the various methods used to produce two coherent beams and the methods used to recombine them. The interference microscope can be used qualitatively to produce contrast in transparent and would-be invisible specimens or quantitatively to measure the refractive index or the mass of a specimen. I discuss how colors are produced in nature, including interference colors. I also discuss how the transmission–interference microscope and the reflection–interference microscope have been used by biologists.
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