Abstract International linkages provide key mechanisms that shape the balance between democratizing and autocratizing forces across Africa. Since independence, African incumbents have signaled their compliance with global norms by selectively adhering to various policies. At the same time, at critical periods, civil society actors have been able to utilize international funding and support mechanisms to challenge incumbents. The chapter discusses the complex interplay between international actors and incumbent African governments, as well as civic associations and opposition forces. It demonstrates how key episodes of autocratization can be linked to sovereignty claims made by incumbents toward the international community. External pressures on African incumbents have changed significantly and Africa’s external relations have reinforced the position of incumbent governments in negotiations with international actors. The declining influence of Western international donors, as well as their waning commitment to democracy assistance, have again opened the door for incumbent elites to employ sovereigntist claims as a shield against domestic challenges and contestation for power.
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