Kefir Mitigates Testicular Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Alterations Induced by High-fructose Corn Syrup in Juvenile Wistar Rats

High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) consumption has been increasingly associated with reproductive dysfunction, yet the potential protective role of natural probiotic products such as kefir remains insufficiently explored. This study investigated the effects of kefir supplementation on HFCS-induced testicular damage in juvenile male Wistar rats. Twenty-four four-week-old rats (≈ 100 g) were maintained under controlled environmental conditions and randomly assigned to four groups: Control, Kefir, HFCS, and HFCS+Kefir. Kefir was administered by gastric gavage at 1 mL/100 g body weight daily, while HFCS-55 was provided ad libitum in drinking water (20