The M13 phage platform is a stable and monodisperse nanoscale carrier, which can be modified with different molecules by chemical conjugation strategies. Here, we describe M13 phage acylated on pVIII protein with a dibenzocyclooctyne reacting with azido glycan to yield 30-1500 copy numbers of glycan per phage and monitored by MALDI-TOF spectrometry to generate multivalent glycoconjugates that contain desired densities of glycans. We prepared the liquid glycan arrays (LiGA) such that both the structure and density of glycans were encoded in the DNA of the bacteriophage. The LiGA can be used to validate the binding properties of glycans to purified lectins and explore the effect of glycan density on such binding. From a mixture of multivalent glycan probes, LiGAs can also identify the glycoconjugates with optimal avidity necessary for binding to lectins on living cells in vitro and live animals in vivo.
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