Although species diversity has been extensively studied in anaerobic ciliates, their full diversity is incompletely understood. More research is required to gain further insights into their diversity. In this study, two new metopid ciliates, namely, Bothrostoma oryzaforme nov. sp. and Bothrostoma turgidoryzaforme nov. sp., isolated from the sediments of freshwater ponds in South Korea, were investigated using live observations and protargol impregnation. Bothrostoma oryzaforme nov. sp. is characterized by an elongated ellipsoidal shape, an anterior end with a rounded snout, and a posterior end that is either rounded or truncated. Cortical granules are arranged in 4-5 short, oblique rows; perizonal stripe even-type. Bothrostoma turgidoryzaforme nov. sp. is distinguished from its congeners by its small body size, body shape broadly ellipsoidal to oval with a rounded snout, and posterior end rounded. Cortical granules are arranged in 5-7 short, oblique rows; perizonal stripe 4 + 1 type. SSU rDNA sequence-based phylogeny revealed the evolutionary positions of the two new species, further supporting their novelty.
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