Multitarget Regulatory Mechanisms and Research Advances of Plant-Derived Bioactive Ingredients in Hypertension Prevention and Management.

Hypertension remains a major global risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, yet current treatments face challenges such as suboptimal blood pressure control and inadequate organ protection. Plant-derived bioactive ingredients (PDBIs), with their multi-target and multi-pathway properties, offer novel strategies for hypertension management. This review systematically examines the mechanisms of major PDBIs (flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids) in hypertension, focusing on their regulation of vascular function, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and sympathetic nervous system, water-salt homeostasis, and target organ protection. Key signaling pathways involved (NF-κB, TGF-β, MAPK, PI3K/Akt) are analyzed. Clinical translation challenges, including low bioavailability and response heterogeneity, are discussed. Future research should integrate systems pharmacology, smart delivery systems, and precision medicine to advance PDBIs from traditional use to evidence-based therapy, providing a theoretical basis for developing novel antihypertensive and organ-protective strategies.