Natural Selection, the Costs of Reproduction, and a Refinement of Lack's Principle

Previous articleNext article No AccessLetters to the EditorsNatural Selection, the Costs of Reproduction, and a Refinement of Lack's PrincipleGeorge C. WilliamsGeorge C. Williams Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The American Naturalist Volume 100, Number 916Nov. - Dec., 1966 Published for The American Society of Naturalists Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/282461 Views: 421Total views on this site Citations: 2118Citations are reported from Crossref PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Lindsay C. Young, Lisa T. Ballance Ecology of marine birds, (Jan 2023): 3–32.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-88539-3.00016-9Sarah Séité, Mark C. Harrison, David Sillam-Dussès, Roland Lupoli, Tom J. M. Van Dooren, Alain Robert, Laure-Anne Poissonnier, Arnaud Lemainque, David Renault, Sébastien Acket, Muriel Andrieu, José Viscarra, Hei Sook Sul, Z. Wilhelm de Beer, Erich Bornberg-Bauer, Mireille Vasseur-Cognet Lifespan prolonging mechanisms and insulin upregulation without fat accumulation in long-lived reproductives of a higher termite, Communications Biology 5, no.11 (Jan 2022).https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-02974-6Robin Séchaud, Kim Schalcher, Bettina Almasi, Roman Bühler, Kamran Safi, Andrea Romano, Alexandre Roulin Home range size and habitat quality affect breeding success but not parental investment in barn owl males, Scientific Reports 12, no.11 (Apr 2022).https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10324-7Sarah M. Chinn, Peter E. Schlichting, Timothy J. Smyser, Courtney F. Bowden, James C. Beasley Factors influencing pregnancy, litter size, and reproductive parameters of invasive wild pigs, The Journal of Wildlife Management 86, no.88 (Aug 2022).https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.22304Joseph T. Feldblum, Emily E. Boehm, Kara K. Walker, Anne E. Pusey Predictors and consequences of gestation length in wild chimpanzees, American Journal of Biological Anthropology 179, no.33 (Aug 2022): 417–430.https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24601Boyong Liao, Qingmin Que, Xingming Xu, Wei Zhou, Kunxi Ouyang, Pei Li, Huaqiang Li, Can Lai, Xiaoyang Chen Climate-Driven Adaptive Differentiation in Melia azedarach: Evidence from a Common Garden Experiment, Genes 13, no.1111 (Oct 2022): 1924.https://doi.org/10.3390/genes13111924Rui Su, Sheng Zhang, Xueying Zhang, Shengnan Wang, Wenya Zhang Neglected skin-associated microbial communities: a unique immune defense strategy of Bufo raddei under environmental heavy metal pollution, Environmental Science and Pollution Research 12 (Oct 2022).https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23803-1Kristofer T. Sasser, Jesse N. Weber A call for more ecologically and evolutionarily relevant studies of immune costs, Evolutionary Ecology 10 (Oct 2022).https://doi.org/10.1007/s10682-022-10213-5Julie Gauzere, Josephine M. Pemberton, Loeske E. B. Kruuk, Alison Morris, Sean Morris, Craig A. Walling Maternal effects do not resolve the paradox of stasis in birth weight in a wild red deer populaton, Evolution (Oct 2022).https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14622John Gould, John Clulow, Frithjof Herb, Simon Clulow An ephemerality paradox: Evidence of virtual semelparity in ephemeral pool‐breeding anurans, Austral Ecology 13 (Oct 2022).https://doi.org/10.1111/aec.13246Charlotte E. Regan, Josephine M. Pemberton, Jill G. Pilkington, Per T. Smiseth Having a better home range does not reduce the cost of reproduction in Soay sheep, Journal of Evolutionary Biology 35, no.1010 (Sep 2022): 1352–1362.https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.14083Sage A. Madden, Molly T. McDermott, Rebecca J. Safran Visitation rate, but not foraging range, responds to brood size manipulation in an aerial insectivore, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 76, no.1010 (Sep 2022).https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-022-03244-zHai‐Qin Sun, Ting‐Hong Zhou, Nina Sletvold The expression of demographic costs of reproduction varies among coexisting plants with different life history traits, Journal of Ecology 110, no.1010 (Jul 2022): 2343–2358.https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13951Bertille Mohring, Frédéric Angelier, Kim Jaatinen, Ben Steele, Elin Lönnberg, Markus Öst Drivers of within- and among-individual variation in risk-taking behaviour during reproduction in a long-lived bird, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 289, no.19831983 (Sep 2022).https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2022.1338Castano‐Sanz Veronica, Gomez‐Mestre Ivan, Garcia‐Gonzalez Francisco Evolutionary consequences of pesticide exposure include transgenerational plasticity and potential terminal investment transgenerational effects, Evolution (Sep 2022).https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14613Andrea Romano, András Liker, Gaia Bazzi, Roberto Ambrosini, Anders P. Møller, Diego Rubolini Annual egg productivity predicts female‐biased mortality in avian species, Evolution (Sep 2022).https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14623Sylis Claire A. Nicolas, Lisa L. M. Welling A Preliminary Investigation Into Women’s Sexual Risk-taking That Could Lead to Unintended Pregnancy, Evolutionary Psychological Science 8, no.33 (Mar 2022): 279–298.https://doi.org/10.1007/s40806-022-00319-yHannah E. Stowe, J. P. Michaud, Tania N. Kim Resource amount and discontinuity influence flight and reproduction in Hippodamia convergens (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Ecosphere 13, no.99 (Sep 2022).https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.4250Freddie W. Leith, Jennifer L. Grigg, Barbara J. Barham, Peter J. Barham, Katrin Ludynia, Cuan McGeorge, Andile Mdluli, Nola J. Parsons, Lauren J. Waller, Richard B. Sherley Intercolony variation in reproductive skipping in the African penguin, Ecology and Evolution 12, no.99 (Sep 2022).https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.9255Georgia A. Lambert, Per T. Smiseth Access to resources buffers against effects of current reproduction on future ability to provide care in a burying beetle, Ecology and Evolution 12, no.99 (Sep 2022).https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.9266Patricia C. Lopes Anticipating infection: How parasitism risk changes animal physiology, Functional Ecology (Aug 2022).https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.14155Victoria S Farrar, Alison V Ramirez, Rebecca M Calisi Effects of Parental Experience and Age on Expression of Prolactin, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide and their Receptors in a Biparental Bird ( Columba livia ), Integrative and Comparative Biology 62, no.11 (Apr 2022): 30–40.https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icac017Jennifer L Houtz, Conor C Taff, Maren N Vitousek Gut Microbiome as a Mediator of Stress Resilience: A Reactive Scope Model Framework, Integrative and Comparative Biology 62, no.11 (May 2022): 41–57.https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icac030Antonino Malacrinò, Martin I. Brengdahl, Christopher M. Kimber, Avani Mital, Vinesh N. Shenoi, Claudio Mirabello, Urban Friberg Ageing desexualizes the Drosophila brain transcriptome, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 289, no.19801980 (Aug 2022).https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2022.1115George A. Lozano, Albert F. H. Ros, Hafiz Ishfaq Ahmad Immunoecology of Species with Alternative Reproductive Tactics and Strategies, Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 2022 (Aug 2022): 1–19.https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3248731Quentin Corbel, Pau Carazo Perception of dead conspecifics increases reproductive investment in fruit flies, Functional Ecology 36, no.88 (Jul 2022): 1834–1844.https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.14108Benjamin Larue, Fanie Pelletier, Marco Festa-Bianchet Determinants of spring molt in bighorn sheep: life-history, plasticity and phenology, Oecologia 199, no.44 (Aug 2022): 809–817.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-022-05231-7Joanna Burger, Ronald R. Porter, Lawrence Niles, David J. Newstead Timing and duration of stopovers affects propensity to breed, incubation periods, and nest success of different wintering cohorts of red knots in the Canadian arctic during the Years 2009 to 2016, Environmental Research 119 (Aug 2022): 114227.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.114227Wei Yu, Zeyu Zhu, Xiaolong Zhao, Shuang Cui, Zhensheng Liu, Zhigao Zeng Altitudinal variation in life-history features of a Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau lizard, Current Zoology (Jul 2022).https://doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoac052Jurrian van Irsel, Magali Frauendorf, Bruno J. Ens, Martijn van de Pol, Karin Troost, Kees Oosterbeek, Hans de Kroon, Eelke Jongejans, Andrew M. Allen State‐dependent environmental sensitivity of reproductive success and survival in a shorebird, Ibis 164, no.33 (Dec 2021): 692–710.https://doi.org/10.1111/ibi.13038Xiaoyan Long, Yang Liu, András Liker, Franz J. Weissing, Jan Komdeur, Tamás Székely Does ecology and life history predict parental cooperation in birds? A comparative analysis, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 76, no.77 (Jul 2022).https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-022-03195-5Aneesh P. H. Bose Parent–offspring cannibalism throughout the animal kingdom: a review of adaptive hypotheses, Biological Reviews 59 (Jun 2022).https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12868Patricia C Lopes, Brenna M G Gormally, Aubrey Emmi, Delilah Schuerman, Chathuni Liyanage, Ursula K Beattie, L Michael Romero Maternal Responses in the Face of Infection Risk, Integrative and Comparative Biology 50 (Jun 2022).https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icac082Herman Pontzer, Amanda McGrosky Balancing growth, reproduction, maintenance, and activity in evolved energy economies, Current Biology 32, no.1212 (Jun 2022): R709–R719.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2022.05.018Justin D. Congdon, Kurt A. Buhlmann, J. Whitfield Gibbons Comparing Life Histories of the Shortest-Lived Turtle Known (Chicken Turtles, Deirochelys reticularia) with Long-Lived Blanding's Turtles (Emydoidea blandingii), Chelonian Conservation and Biology 21, no.11 (Jun 2022).https://doi.org/10.2744/CCB-1521.1Davide Baldan, E. Emiel van Loon Songbird parents coordinate offspring provisioning at fine spatio‐temporal scales, Journal of Animal Ecology 91, no.66 (Apr 2022): 1316–1326.https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13702Lutz Fromhage, Alasdair I. Houston Biological adaptation in light of the Lewontin–Williams (a)symmetry, Evolution 28 (May 2022).https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14502Upama Aich, Shawan Chowdhury, Michael D. Jennions Separating the effects of paternal age and mating history: Evidence for sex‐specific paternal effect in eastern mosquitofish, Evolution 7 (May 2022).https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14498Antoine M. Dujon, Justine Boutry, Sophie Tissot, Jean-François Lemaître, Amy M. Boddy, Anne-Lise Gérard, Alexandra Alvergne, Audrey Arnal, Orsolya Vincze, Delphine Nicolas, Mathieu Giraudeau, Marina Telonis-Scott, Aaron Schultz, Pascal Pujol, Peter A. Biro, Christa Beckmann, Rodrigo Hamede, Benjamin Roche, Beata Ujvari, Frédéric Thomas Cancer Susceptibility as a Cost of Reproduction and Contributor to Life History Evolution, Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 10 (May 2022).https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2022.861103Matthew D. W. Piper, Brooke Zanco, Carla M. Sgrò, Margo I. Adler, Christen K. Mirth, Russell Bonduriansky Dietary restriction and lifespan: adaptive reallocation or somatic sacrifice?, The FEBS Journal 10 (May 2022).https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.16463Joseph C. Waddell, William G. R. Crampton Reproductive effort and terminal investment in a multispecies assemblage of Amazon electric fish, Ecological Monographs 92, no.22 (Feb 2022).https://doi.org/10.1002/ecm.1499Arianne Marty, Timea Boeriis, Gerard Martínez-De León, Martin Holmstrup, Madhav P. Thakur Temperature-dependent trade-offs in maternal investments: An experimental test with two closely related soil microarthropods, European Journal of Soil Biology 110 (May 2022): 103402.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2022.103402Jan T. Lifjeld, Oddmund Kleven, Frode Fossøy, Frode Jacobsen, Terje Laskemoen, Geir Rudolfsen, Raleigh J. Robertson When Older Males Sire More Offspring—Increased Attractiveness or Higher Fertility?, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 76, no.55 (Apr 2022).https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-022-03170-0John Gould, Chad Beranek, Jose Valdez, Michael Mahony Quantity versus quality: A balance between egg and clutch size among Australian amphibians in relation to other life‐history variables, Austral Ecology 47, no.33 (Feb 2022): 685–697.https://doi.org/10.1111/aec.13154Marta PELÁEZ, Isabel SANUY, Juan Carlos PERAL, José Luis Álvarez ESTEBAN, Santiago LAVÍN, Emmanuel SERRANO, Ramón PEREA Early life investment in antlers and body growth reflects adult performance in roe deer population under supplementary feeding conditions, Integrative Zoology 17, no.33 (Apr 2021): 396–407.https://doi.org/10.1111/1749-4877.12535I. Fernández‐Rodríguez, F. Braña Short‐term and long‐term consequences of regeneration on the reproductive investment of a multivoltine lizard, Journal of Zoology 317, no.11 (Feb 2022).https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12959Rachel Kanaziz, Kathryn P. Huyvaert, Caitlin P. Wells, Dirk H. Van Vuren, Lise M. Aubry Maternal survival costs in an asocial mammal, Ecology and Evolution 12, no.55 (May 2022).https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8874Fredrik Christiansen, Marcela M Uhart, Lars Bejder, Phil Clapham, Yulia Ivashchenko, Dmitry Tormosov, Nicolás Lewin, Mariano Sironi Fetal growth, birth size and energetic cost of gestation in southern right whales, The Journal of Physiology 600, no.99 (Apr 2022): 2245–2266.https://doi.org/10.1113/JP282351Erin Miller, Christy N. Wails, James Sulikowski It’s a shark-eat-shark world, but does that make for bigger pups? A comparison between oophagous and non-oophagous viviparous sharks, Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 217 (Apr 2022).https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-022-09707-wOscar Vedder, Coraline Bichet, Barbara Tschirren The Effect of Manipulated Prenatal Conditions on Growth, Survival, and Reproduction Throughout the Complete Life Course of a Precocial Bird, Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 10 (Apr 2022).https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2022.834433Alexander Milles, Melanie Dammhahn, Florian Jeltsch, Ulrike Schlägel, and Volker Grimm Fluctuations in Density-Dependent Selection Drive the Evolution of a Pace-of-Life Syndrome Within and Between Populations, The American Naturalist 199, no.44 (Feb 2022): E124–E139.https://doi.org/10.1086/718473Kristin Bøe, Michael Power, Martha J. Robertson, J. Brian Dempson, Ian A. Fleming Life history contrasts in nutritional state and return probability of post-spawned Atlantic salmon, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 79, no.44 (Apr 2022): 548–557.https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2021-0001Adam E. Mitchell, Blair O. Wolf, Thomas E. Martin, Catherine Sheard Proximate and evolutionary sources of variation in offspring energy expenditure in songbirds, Global Ecology and Biogeography 31, no.44 (Feb 2022): 765–775.https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13467Edin A. Whitehead, James C. Russell, Anthony J. Hickey, Graeme A. Taylor, Katie M. O'Reilly, Alice Della Penna, Brendon J. Dunphy Seabird stress and breeding: Endocrine and hematological stress biomarkers differ between gray‐faced petrel ( Pterodroma gouldi ) colonies, Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological and Integrative Physiology 337, no.44 (Feb 2022): 381–392.https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.2576Sarah E. Wolf, Kimberly A. Rosvall A multi‐tissue view on telomere dynamics and postnatal growth, Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological and Integrative Physiology 337, no.44 (Dec 2021): 346–355.https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.2571Chris W. Tyson, Sarah L. Jennings, Brian A. Hoover, Amy Miles Energetic constraints drive sex‐specific parental care in the monomorphic Leach's storm‐petrel Hydrobates leucorhous, Journal of Avian Biology 2022, no.44 (Feb 2022).https://doi.org/10.1111/jav.02904Michael Hawkes, Sarah M. Lane, James Rapkin, Kim Jensen, Clarissa M. House, Scott K. Sakaluk, John Hunt Intralocus sexual conflict over optimal nutrient intake and the evolution of sex differences in life span and reproduction, Functional Ecology 36, no.44 (Jan 2022): 865–881.https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13995Valentin Journé, Sarah Cubaynes, Julien Papaïx, Mathieu Buoro Detection of Eco‐Evolutionary Processes in the Wild: Evolutionary Trade‐Offs Between Life History Traits, (Mar 2022): 27–46.https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119902799.ch2Omar Domínguez-Castanedo Perceived mate competition risk influences the female mate choice and increases the reproductive effort in the annual killifish Millerichthys robustus, Ethology Ecology & Evolution 34, no.22 (Mar 2021): 107–119.https://doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2021.1893827Yu Hu, Qinglin Cai, Rixin Wang, Huanda Lu, Zhen Ma, Ying Liu The behavioural pattern and variation in parental care of Aequidens rivulatus, Aquaculture Research 53, no.44 (Nov 2021): 1404–1412.https://doi.org/10.1111/are.15673Erin R. Siracusa, James P. Higham, Noah Snyder-Mackler, Lauren J. N. Brent Social ageing: exploring the drivers of late-life changes in social behaviour in mammals, Biology Letters 18, no.33 (Mar 2022).https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2021.0643Azam Amiri, Ali R. Bandani Loneliness influences male and female life expectancy differently in Callosobruchus, Journal of Stored Products Research 96 (Mar 2022): 101942.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2022.101942Antoine M. G. Barreaux, Andrew D. Higginson, Michael B. Bonsall, Sinead English Incorporating effects of age on energy dynamics predicts nonlinear maternal allocation patterns in iteroparous animals, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 289, no.19691969 (Feb 2022).https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.1884Fred Tremblay, Shannon Whelan, Emily S. Choy, Scott A. Hatch, Kyle H. Elliott Resting costs too: the relative importance of active and resting energy expenditure in a sub-arctic seabird, Journal of Experimental Biology 225, no.44 (Feb 2022).https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.243548Tania Pogue, Kevin Malod, Christopher W. Weldon Patterns of Remating Behaviour in Ceratitis (Diptera: Tephritidae) Species of Varying Lifespan, Frontiers in Physiology 13 (Feb 2022).https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.824768Brian D Inouye, Berry J Brosi, Emily H Le Sage, Manuel T Lerdau Trade-offs Among Resilience, Robustness, Stability, and Performance and How We Might Study Them, Integrative and Comparative Biology 61, no.66 (Aug 2021): 2180–2189.https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icab178Russell K. Monson, Amy M. Trowbridge, Richard L. Lindroth, Manuel T. Lerdau Coordinated resource allocation to plant growth–defense tradeoffs, New Phytologist 233, no.33 (Oct 2021): 1051–1066.https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.17773Mateusz Ledwoń, Adam Flis, Agata Banach, Grzegorz Neubauer, Frédéric Angelier Baseline and stress-induced prolactin and corticosterone concentrations in a species with female offspring desertion – The case of Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida, General and Comparative Endocrinology 317 (Feb 2022): 113943.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113943Susan M. Bertram, Roslyn Dakin, Sarah J. Harrison, Donovan T. Tremblay, Mykell L. Reifer, Gita R. Kolluru Acoustic signalling performance: variation in vigour at multiple scales, Animal Behaviour 184 (Feb 2022): 157–171.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.08.001Claire Saraux, Andre Chiaradia Age‐related breeding success in little penguins: a result of selection and ontogenetic changes in foraging and phenology, Ecological Monographs 92, no.11 (Dec 2021).https://doi.org/10.1002/ecm.1495Juan F. Cuestas Carrillo, Diego J. Santana, Cynthia P.A. Prado Body condition of females during tadpole attendance and its potential costs in a Neotropical foam-nesting frog ( Leptodactylus podicipinus ), Ethology Ecology & Evolution 22 (Jan 2022): 1–14.https://doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2022.2026481Calen P Ryan, Meaghan J Jones, Rachel D Edgar, Nanette R Lee, Michael S Kobor, Thomas W McDade, Christopher W Kuzawa Immune cell type and DNA methylation vary with reproductive status in women: possible pathways for costs of reproduction, Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health 10, no.11 (Feb 2022): 47–58.https://doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoac003Gleidson Diego Lopes Loureto, Valdiney V. Gouveia, Patrícia Nunes da Fonsêca, Marina Pereira Gonçalves, Walberto Silva dos Santos, Renan Pereira Monteiro, Leogildo Alves Freires Desirability of a long-term partner: Effects of life strategies and endorsement of basic values, Personality and Individual Differences 184 (Jan 2022): 111181.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111181Julio Blas, Graham D. Fairhurst Stress ecophysiology, (Jan 2022): 1049–1098.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819770-7.00003-7Haiyan Nie, Jike Liu, Baoyang Chen Life‐history traits and fitness of plateau pika ( Ochotona curzoniae ) in alpine meadow ecosystem, Ecology and Evolution 12, no.11 (Jan 2022).https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8548Qinzheng Hou, Xiang Zhao, Xia Pang, Meiling Duan, Nurbiye Ehmet, Wenjuan Shao, Kun Sun Why flowers close at noon? A case study of an alpine species Gentianopsis paludosa (Gentianaceae), Ecology and Evolution 12, no.11 (Jan 2022).https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8490Pietro Pollo, Michael M. Kasumovic Let's talk about sex roles: what affects perceptions of sex differences in animal behaviour?, Animal Behaviour 183 (Jan 2022): 1–12.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.10.016Stefan Robinson, Eric Anderson Friendship, (Apr 2022): 17–34.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98610-0_2Delaney J. Glass, Joy T. Geerkens, Melanie A. Martin Psychosocial and energetic factors on human female pubertal timing: a systematized review, Evolutionary Human Sciences 4 (Jun 2022).https://doi.org/10.1017/ehs.2022.24Gabriel Pigeon, Steve Albon, Leif Egil Loe, Richard Bischof, Christophe Bonenfant, Mads Forchhammer, Robert Justin Irvine, Erik Ropstad, Vebjørn Veiberg, Audun Stien Context‐dependent fitness costs of reproduction despite stable body mass costs in an Arctic herbivore, Journal of Animal Ecology 91, no.11 (Oct 2021): 61–73.https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13593Charly Jehan, Camille Sabarly, Thierry Rigaud, Yannick Moret Age‐specific fecundity under pathogenic threat in an insect: Terminal investment versus reproductive restraint, Journal of Animal Ecology 91, no.11 (Oct 2021): 101–111.https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13604Mathieu Garel, Pascal Marchand, Gilles Bourgoin, Julián Santiago-Moreno, Elodie Portanier, Holger Piegert, Eleftherios Hadjisterkotis, Jean-Marc Cugnasse Mouflon Ovis gmelini Blyth, 1841, (Jul 2022): 1–35.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65038-8_34-1A. C. Alberto-Silva, J. S. Garcia, E. M. Mota, F. G. Martins, J. Pinheiro, C. C. Mello-Silva Reproductive alterations of Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818) infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Chen, 1935) and exposed to Euphorbia milii var. hislopii latex, Brazilian Journal of Biology 82 (Jan 2022).https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.259628Mathieu Garel, Pascal Marchand, Gilles Bourgoin, Julián Santiago-Moreno, Elodie Portanier, Holger Piegert, Eleftherios Hadjisterkotis, Jean-Marc Cugnasse Mouflon Ovis gmelini Blyth, 1841, (Sep 2022): 487–521.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24475-0_34Isaac Gravolin, Topi K Lehtonen, Nicholas D S Deal, Ulrika Candolin, Bob B M Wong, Per Smiseth Male reproductive adjustments to an introduced nest predator, Behavioral Ecology 32, no.66 (Jul 2021): 1163–1170.https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arab079Gonzalo Rodríguez-Ruiz, Jesús Ortega, Pilar López, Alfredo Salvador, José Martín, Michael D Jennions Improved nutritional status may promote an “asset protection” reproductive strategy in male rock lizards, Behavioral Ecology 32, no.66 (Aug 2021): 1276–1284.https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arab094Mario B. Pesendorfer, Davide Ascoli, Michał Bogdziewicz, Andrew Hacket-Pain, Ian S. Pearse, Giorgio Vacchiano The ecology and evolution of synchronized reproduction in long-lived plants, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no.18391839 (Oct 2021).https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0369Paul Juan Jacobs, Daniel William Hart, Nigel Charles Bennett Plasma oxidative stress in reproduction of two eusocial African mole-rat species, the naked mole-rat and the Damaraland mole-rat, Frontiers in Zoology 18, no.11 (Sep 2021).https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-021-00430-zJuan D. Carvajal-Castro, Fernando Vargas-Salinas, Santiago Casas-Cardona, Bibiana Rojas, Juan C. Santos Aposematism facilitates the diversification of parental care strategies in poison frogs, Scientific Reports 11, no.11 (Sep 2021).https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97206-6Hannah E. Caracalas, S. S. French, S. B. Hudson, B. M. Kluever, A. C. Webb, D. Eifler, A. J. Lehmicke, L. M. Aubry Reproductive trade-offs in the colorado checkered whiptail lizard (Aspidoscelis neotesselatus): an examination of the relationship between clutch and follicle size, Evolutionary Ecology 35, no.5-65-6 (Aug 2021): 779–794.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10682-021-10131-yMarisa A. Rodrigues, Antoine Merckelbach, Esra Durmaz, Envel Kerdaffrec, Thomas Flatt Transcriptomic evidence for a trade‐off between germline proliferation and immunity in Drosophila, Evolution Letters 5, no.66 (Oct 2021): 644–656.https://doi.org/10.1002/evl3.261Frédéric Douhard, Mathieu Douhard, Hélène Gilbert, Philippe Monget, Jean‐Michel Gaillard, Jean‐François Lemaître How much energetic trade‐offs limit selection? Insights from livestock and related laboratory model species, Evolutionary Applications 14, no.1212 (Nov 2021): 2726–2749.https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.13320Mark C. Belk, Peter J. Meyers, J. Curtis Creighton Bigger Is Better, Sometimes: The Interaction between Body Size and Carcass Size Determines Fitness, Reproductive Strategies, and Senescence in Two Species of Burying Beetles, Diversity 13, no.1212 (Dec 2021): 662.https://doi.org/10.3390/d13120662Dennis L. Scarnecchia, Cody J. Nagel, Youngtaik Lim, Steven R. Dalbey Demographics and Management of the Isolated Upper Missouri River Paddlefish Stock of Fort Peck Reservoir, Montana, North American Journal of Fisheries Management 41, no.66 (Nov 2021): 1903–1919.https://doi.org/10.1002/nafm.10709Pierre Comizzoli, Michael L. Power, Sally L. Bornbusch, Carly R. Muletz-Wolz Interactions between reproductive biology and microbiomes in wild animal species, Animal Microbiome 3, no.11 (Dec 2021).https://doi.org/10.1186/s42523-021-00156-7D. Susie Lee, Yul H. R. Kang, Angelina V. Ruiz‐Lambides, James P. Higham The observed pattern and hidden process of female reproductive trajectories across the life span in a non‐human primate, Journal of Animal Ecology 90, no.1212 (Oct 2021): 2901–2914.https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13590Janko Međedović Conservatism and religiousness participate in fast life history dynamics via elevated reproductive motivation, Personality and Individual Differences 183 (Dec 2021): 111109.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111109GuoQiongIvanka Huang, Shuru Zhong, IpKin Anthony Wong, Zhiwei (CJ) Lin Evolutionary selection for travel agencies under COVID-19 adversity through the lens of life history theory, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 38, no.99 (Jan 2022): 917–934.https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2021.2006857Paul Juan Jacobs, Daniel William Hart, Tobias Suess, Andries Koch Janse van Vuuren, Nigel Charles Bennett The Cost of Reproduction in a Cooperatively Breeding Mammal: Consequences of Seasonal Variation in Rainfall, Reproduction, and Reproductive Suppression, Frontiers in Physiology 12 (Nov 2021).https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.780490Suzanne H. Austin, Jesse S. Krause, Rechelle Viernes, Victoria S. Farrar, April M. Booth, Rayna M. Harris, Frédéric Angelier, Candice Lee, Annie Bond, John C. Wingfield, Matthew M. MacManes, Rebecca M. Calisi Uncovering the Sex-Specific Endocrine Responses to Reproduction and Parental Care, Frontiers in Endocrinology 12 (Nov 2021).https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.631384Boglárka Bukor, Gábor Seress, Ivett Pipoly, Krisztina Sándor, Csenge Sinkovics, Ernő Vincze, András Liker, David Swanson Double-brooding and annual breeding success of great tits in urban and forest habitats, Current Zoology 182 (Nov 2021).https://doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoab096Joyce F. Benenson, Christine E. Webb, Richard W. Wrangham Self-Protection as an Adaptive Female Strategy, Behavioral and Brain Sciences (Nov 2021): 1–86.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X21002417Ting Liu, Fei Yu, Ming Zhou, Jingjing Xu, Jun Wu, Feng Hu, Huixin Li, Joann K. Whalen Soil fauna actively change their diet to survive stress, Soil Biology and Biochemistry 162 (Nov 2021): 108435.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2021.108435Amelia Sancilio, Grazyna Jasienska, Catherine Panter‐Brick, Anna Ziomkiewicz, Ilona Nenko, Richard G. Bribiescas Accelerated senescence as a cost of reproduction: Testing associations between oxidative stress and reproductive effort in rural and urban women, American Journal of Human Biology 33, no.66 (Nov 2020).https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23537Kristal E. Cain, Simon C. Griffith, Loeske E. B. Kruuk Sex and morph differences in age‐dependent trait changes in a polymorphic songbird, Journal of Evolutionary Biology 34, no.1111 (Oct 2021): 1691–1703.https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13930Upama Aich, Timothee Bonnet, Megan L. Head, Michael D. Jennions Disentangling the effects of male age and mating history: Contrasting effects of mating history on precopulatory mating behavior and paternity success, Evolution 75, no.1111 (Oct 2021): 2867–2880.https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14371Rita Fragueira, Fabrice Helfenstein, Klaus Fischer, Michaël Beaulieu Birds of different morphs use slightly different strategies to achieve similar reproductive performance following heatwave exposure, Journal of Animal Ecology 90, no.1111 (Aug 2021): 2594–2608.https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13564Christopher J Readin