Evidence suggests that mental imagery and veridical perception recruit similar components of the human visual system. If so, neural representations of imagined and real stimuli should interact with one another, combining constructively or competing antagonistically. To determine if and how real and imagined visual stimuli interact in the brain, we asked participants to mentally visualise white bars at specific orientations after a rhythmic countdown while their brain activity was recorded using electroencephalography. Stimuli were imagined in isolation, or while another stimulus at a highly or poorly congruent orientation appeared on-screen. Multivariate pattern analysis was used to assess whether overlap between imagined and real stimulus features enhanced or diminished stimulus-specific sensory information in the brain. Findings showed that imagined and real orientation could be decoded from brain activity, with real orientation decoding mildly amplified by highly congruent, but not poorly congruent, imagined orientations. Although interactions between real and imagined stimuli were observed, no evidence was detected to suggest that imagined and real stimuli use the same neural activity patterns to encode sensory information. Instead, congruent imagery seemed only to amplify activity which had already been induced by real percepts, targeting late- but not early-stage perceptual representations. Ultimately, this study suggests that imagined and real stimuli interact in a mildly constructive manner, with imagination mostly acting in a modulatory capacity.### Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.
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