Novel Perspective on Immune Cell Regulation in Gastrointestinal Inflammation: the Role of Extracellular Vesicles and Therapeutic Prospects

Gastrointestinal inflammation is an inflammatory disease arising from immune imbalance in any segment of the digestive tract, triggered by various factors. Immune cells play important roles in both the onset and resolution of gastrointestinal inflammation. With the recent extensive research on extracellular vesicles, the mechanism by which immune cells regulate gastrointestinal inflammation through extracellular vesicles has gradually gained recognition within the scientific community. Extracellular vesicles derived from immune cells can communicate with other immune cells in the digestive tract and directly regulate digestive tract epithelial cells. Furthermore, with advances in biological nanotechnology, immune cell-derived extracellular vesicles may be used to treat inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases. This review focuses on delineating the role of immune cell-derived extracellular vesicles in gastrointestinal inflammation and exploring their potential applications in treating these inflammatory diseases.