Practical Aspects of Two-Dimensional Transverse Noe Spectroscopy

The interactions with soil mineral surfaces are among the factors that determine the mobility and bioavailability of organic contaminants and of nutrients present in dissolved organic matter (DOM) in soil and aquatic environments. While most studies focus on high molar mass organic matter fractions (e.g., humic and fulvic acids), very few studies investigate the impact of DOM constituents in competitive sorption. Here we assess the sorption behavior of a heavily used herbicide (i.e., glyphosate) and a component of DOM (i.e., a peptide) at the water/goethite interface, inclusive of potential glyphosate-peptide interactions. We used in-situ ATR-FTIR (attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared) spectroscopy to study sorption kinetics and mechanisms of interaction as well as conformational changes to the secondary structure of the peptide. NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy was used to assess the level of interaction between glyphosate and the peptide and changes to the peptide' secondary structure in solution. For the first time, we illustrate competition for sorption sites results in co-sorption of glyphosate and peptide molecules that affects the extent, kinetics, and mechanism of interaction of each with the surface. In the presence of the peptide, the formation of outer-sphere glyphosate-goethite complexes is favored albeit inner-sphere glyphosate-goethite bonds (i.e., POFe) are still formed. The presence of glyphosate induces secondary structural shifts of the sorbed peptide that maximizes the formation of H-bonds with the goethite surface. However, glyphosate and the peptide do not seem to interact with one another in solution nor at the goethite surface upon sorption. The results of this work highlight potential consequences of competition for sorption sites, for example the transport of organic contaminants and nutrient-rich (i.e., nitrogen) DOM components in relevant environmental systems. Predicting the rate and extent with which organic pollutants are removed from solution by a given solid is also one of the most critical factors for the design of effective sorption systems in engineering applications.