Private Creation and Enforcement of Law: A Historical Case

Previous articleNext article No AccessPrivate Creation and Enforcement of Law: A Historical CaseDavid FriedmanDavid FriedmanPDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Legal Studies Volume 8, Number 2Mar., 1979Private Alternatives to the Judicial Process Sponsored by The University of Chicago Law School Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/467615 Views: 44Total views on this site Citations: 122Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1979 The University of Chicago Law SchoolPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Andrew Young The Peace of God, Rationality and Society 34, no.11 (Dec 2021): 28–55.https://doi.org/10.1177/10434631211065738Bruce Benson Customary Law, (Nov 2021): 1–9.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7883-6_515-2Vladimir Vladimirovich Maltsev Dynamic anarchy: the evolution and economics of the beguny sect in eighteenth-twentieth century Russia, Public Choice 190, no.1-21-2 (Jul 2021): 111–126.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-021-00920-yAnthony Gill The comparative endurance and efficiency of religion: a public choice perspective, Public Choice 189, no.3-43-4 (Aug 2020): 313–334.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-020-00842-1Rosolino A. Candela, Vincent J. Geloso Trade or raid: Acadian settlers and native Americans before 1755, Public Choice 188, no.3-43-4 (Oct 2020): 549–575.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-020-00853-yMehrdad Vahabi Political Economy of Conflict and Institutions. Foreword, Revue d'économie politique Vol. 130, no.66 (Jan 2021): 847–854.https://doi.org/10.3917/redp.306.0005Vincent Geloso, Peter T. Leeson Are Anarcho-Capitalists Insane? Medieval Icelandic Conflict Institutions in Comparative Perspective, Revue d'économie politique Vol. 130, no.66 (Jan 2021): 957–974.https://doi.org/10.3917/redp.306.0115Colin Harris, Adam Kaiser Burying the Hatchet, Revue d'économie politique Vol. 130, no.66 (Jan 2021): 1025–1044.https://doi.org/10.3917/redp.306.0183Alan G. Futerman, Walter E. Block Law, (Nov 2021): 159–183.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4691-1_7Edwar E. Escalante, Raymond J. March Fighting on Christmas: brawling as self-governance in rural Peru, Journal of Institutional Economics 16, no.33 (Sep 2019): 355–368.https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744137419000468Vincent J. Geloso, Alexander W. Salter State capacity and economic development: Causal mechanism or correlative filter?, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 170 (Feb 2020): 372–385.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2019.12.015Peter J. Boettke, Rosolino Candela The Positive Political Economy of Analytical Anarchism, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2020).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3516829J. R. Clark, Benjamin Powell The 'minimal' state reconsidered: governance on the margin, The Review of Austrian Economics 32, no.22 (Aug 2017): 119–130.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11138-017-0400-5Katherine Farrow, Rustam Romaniuc The stickiness of norms, International Review of Law and Economics 58 (Jun 2019): 54–62.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irle.2018.12.010John Levendis, Robert B. Eckhardt, Walter Block Evolutionary psychology, economic freedom, trade and benevolence, Review of Economic Perspectives 19, no.22 (Jun 2019): 73–94.https://doi.org/10.2478/revecp-2019-0005Inês Faria Trust, reputation and ambiguous freedoms: financial institutions and subversive libertarians navigating blockchain, markets, and regulation, Journal of Cultural Economy 12, no.22 (Nov 2018): 119–132.https://doi.org/10.1080/17530350.2018.1547986ALAIN MARCIANO, GIOVANNI B. RAMELLO , Journal of Institutional Economics 15, no.11 ( 2019): 73.https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744137418000322Richard Cole In Pursuit of an Æsirist Ideology, Viking and Medieval Scandinavia 15 (Jan 2019): 65–101.https://doi.org/10.1484/J.VMS.5.118631Vincent Geloso, Louis Rouanet Ethnogenesis and Statelessness, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2019).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3448582Bruce L. Benson Customary Law, (Apr 2019): 514–523.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7753-2_515Peter T. Leeson Anarchy, (Apr 2019): 62–65.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7753-2_87Daniel J. D'Amico The law and economics of sycophancy, Constitutional Political Economy 29, no.44 (Apr 2018): 424–439.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10602-018-9261-6Lev Marder Rethinking homo economicus in the political sphere, Constellations 25, no.33 (Aug 2017): 329–343.https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8675.12295, Włodzimierz Gogłoza Przemoc w średniowiecznej Islandii – skala, charakter i czynniki ograniczające, Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica 17, no.11 (Jan 2018): 227–252.https://doi.org/10.15290/mhi.2018.17.01.14Vincent Geloso, Alexander William Salter State Capacity and Economic Development: Causal Mechanism or Correlative Filter?, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2018).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3294086Daniel J. D'Amico The Social Provision of Punishment and Incarceration, American Journal of Economics and Sociology 76, no.55 (Nov 2017): 1107–1132.https://doi.org/10.1111/ajes.12197Eric Rasmusen Law, Coercion, and Expression: A Review Essay on Frederick Schauer's The Force of Law and Richard McAdams's The Expressive Powers of Law, Journal of Economic Literature 55, no.33 (Sep 2017): 1098–1121.https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.20151374Andrew T. Young Hospitalitas: Barbarian Settlements and Constitutional Foundations of Medieval Europe, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2017).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2674270Colin Harris Institutional Solutions to Free-Riding in Peer-to-Peer Networks: A Case Study of Online 'Pirate' Communities, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2017).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2974004Walter Block, Ivan Jankovic Tragedy of the Partnership: A Critique of Elinor Ostrom, American Journal of Economics and Sociology 75, no.22 (Mar 2016): 289–318.https://doi.org/10.1111/ajes.12141Peter T. Leeson Anarchy, (Jul 2016): 1–4.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7883-6_87-1Rustam Romaniuc, Katherine Farrow, Lisette Ibanez, Alain Marciano The perils of government enforcement, Public Choice 166, no.1-21-2 (Feb 2016): 161–182.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-016-0319-6Alexander William Salter Ordering the Cosmos: Private Law and Celestial Property Rights, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2016).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2840856Daniel Rothschild Anarchy: The Lesser of Two Evils, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2016).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3183348ALEXANDER WILLIAM SALTER Rights to the Realm: Reconsidering Western Political Development, American Political Science Review 109, no.44 (Nov 2015): 725–734.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055415000477Walter E. Block The Death Penalty: Response to Ron Paul, Criminal Justice Ethics 34, no.33 (Nov 2015): 339–349.https://doi.org/10.1080/0731129X.2015.1109786Andrew T. Young From Caesar to Tacitus: changes in early Germanic governance circa 50 BC-50 AD, Public Choice 164, no.3-43-4 (Aug 2015): 357–378.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-015-0282-7Alexander Fink Governance without a state? Policies and politics in areas of limited statehood meets positive political economy of anarchy: A review essay, The Review of Austrian Economics 28, no.11 (Dec 2012): 93–105.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11138-012-0195-3Ellis Goldberg Territorial States: Monopolies in the Market for Justice, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2015).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2558288Eric Bennett Rasmusen Law, Coercion, and Expression: A Review Essay on Frederick Schauer's The Force of Law and Richard McAdams's The Expressive Powers of Law, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2015).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2645930Peter T. Leeson Pirates, prisoners, and preliterates: anarchic context and the private enforcement of law, European Journal of Law and Economics 37, no.33 (Oct 2013): 365–379.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10657-013-9424-xDaniel J. Smith Heterogeneity and exchange: Safe-conducts in Medieval Spain, The Review of Austrian Economics 27, no.22 (Jan 2014): 183–197.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11138-014-0251-2Shaun Larcom Problematic legal pluralism: causes and some potential 'cures', The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 46, no.22 (Mar 2014): 193–217.https://doi.org/10.1080/07329113.2014.892335Peter T Leeson Oracles, Rationality and Society 26, no.22 (Apr 2014): 141–169.https://doi.org/10.1177/1043463113512997Mark Koyama The law & economics of private prosecutions in industrial revolution England, Public Choice 159, no.1-21-2 (Dec 2012): 277–298.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-012-0046-6Bruce L. Benson, Zafar R. Siddiqui Pashtunwali—Law for the lawless, defense for the stateless, International Review of Law and Economics 37 (Mar 2014): 108–120.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irle.2013.07.008P. T. Leeson "God Damn": The Law and Economics of Monastic Malediction, Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 30, no.11 (Jul 2012): 193–216.https://doi.org/10.1093/jleo/ews025Alon Harel Punishment and the State, (Nov 2018): 4185–4195.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_610Bruce L. Benson Customary Law, (Jun 2014): 1–10.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7883-6_515-1Ryan Safner Representative Democracy & Political Cost: Understanding Political Entrepreneurship in an Entangled Political Economy, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2014).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2399726Ryan Safner 'Public Goods,' or 'Good for the Public?' Endogenizing Public Goods, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2014).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2488655Robert Scott Cavender Reputation Revisited: Evidence from Virtual Worlds, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2014).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2503733Alexander William Salter Governance and Residual Claimancy: Property Rights and Non-Discrimination in Western Political Development, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2014).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2515349Andrew T. Young From Caesar to Tacitus: Changes in Early Germanic Governance Circa 50 BC-50 AD, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2014).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2521212Peter J. Boettke, Peter T. Leeson Presumptions in Political Economy: Alternative Approaches for Assessing the Economic Role of the State, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2014).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2538169Stephen Cox Rejoinder to Roderick T. Long:, The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies 13, no.22 (Dec 2013): 224–245.https://doi.org/10.5325/jaynrandstud.13.2.0224Roderick T. Long Reply to Stephen Cox:, The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies 13, no.22 (Dec 2013): 210–223.https://doi.org/10.5325/jaynrandstud.13.2.0210Peter T. Leeson Gypsy law, Public Choice 155, no.3-43-4 (Dec 2012): 273–292.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-012-0048-4Gillian K. Hadfield and Barry R. Weingast Law without the StateLegal Attributes and the Coordination of Decentralized Collective Punishment, Journal of Law and Courts 1, no.11 (Jul 2015): 3–34.https://doi.org/10.1086/668604Alon Harel Punishment and the State, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2013).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2280755Peter T. Leeson, Christopher J. Coyne Sassywood, Journal of Comparative Economics 40, no.44 (Nov 2012): 608–620.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2012.02.002Benjamin Powell, Malavika Nair On the governance of "not being governed", The Review of Austrian Economics 25, no.11 (Apr 2010): 9–16.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11138-010-0105-5Alexander Fink, Daniel J. Smith Norms in Sports Contests: The Tour de France, Journal of Sport Management 26, no.11 (Jan 2012): 43–52.https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.26.1.43Andrew P. Morriss, Birgir T. Petursson Global Economies, Regulatory Failure, & Loose Money: Lessons for Regulating the Finance Sector from Iceland's Financial Crisis, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2012).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2016295Ivo Teixeira Gico Júnior The Tragedy of the Judiciary, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2012).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3226825Peter T. Leeson Government, clubs, and constitutions, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 80, no.22 (Oct 2011): 301–308.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2011.05.006Tomáš Otáhal Is Bribery a Good Way to Improve Efficiency in Law Enforcement?, Acta Oeconomica Pragensia 19, no.66 (Oct 2011): 65–79.https://doi.org/10.18267/j.aop.352Peter T. Leeson, Alex Nowrasteh Was privateering plunder efficient?, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 79, no.33 (Aug 2011): 303–317.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2011.02.009Edward Peter Stringham, Todd J. Zywicki Rivalry and superior dispatch: an analysis of competing courts in medieval and early modern England, Public Choice 147, no.3-43-4 (Nov 2010): 497–524.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-010-9739-xNicolas Baumard Punishment is not a group adaptation, Mind & Society 10, no.11 (Oct 2010): 1–26.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11299-010-0080-3Edward Peter Stringham, Todd J. Zywicki Hayekian anarchism, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 78, no.33 (May 2011): 290–301.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2011.01.015Edward Peter Stringham, Todd J. Zywicki Hayekian Anarchism, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2011).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1744364Mark Koyama Prosecution Associations in Industrial Revolution England: Private Providers of Public Goods?, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2011).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1842148Tomáš Otáhal, Ladislava Grochová Corruption, Rule of Law, and Economic Efficiency: Selected Anecdotic Evidence of Bureaucratic Corruption from the Czech and Slovak Republics, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2011).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1920298Daniel J. Smith Functional, Overlapping, Competing Jurisdictions Among Fractionalized Agents: Medieval Spain, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2011).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1937955Daniel J. D'Amico The prison in economics: private and public incarceration in Ancient Greece, Public Choice 145, no.3-43-4 (Dec 2009): 461–482.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-009-9575-zPeter T. Leeson Rational choice, Round Robin, and rebellion: An institutional solution to the problems of revolution, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 73, no.33 (Mar 2010): 297–307.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2009.12.003Nicholas A. Curott, Edward P. Stringham The Rise of Government Law Enforcement in England, (Jan 2010): 19–36.https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230109490_2Daniel J. Smith Leveraging Reputation: Long-Distance Trade in Medieval Spain, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2010).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1700704Edward Peter Stringham, Todd J. Zywicki Rivalry and Superior Dispatch: An Analysis of Competing Courts in Medieval and Early Modern England, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2010).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1703598Tommm Otthal Korupce v ekonomickk teorii (Corruption in Economic Theory), SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2010).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2389583Benjamin Powell, Edward P. Stringham Public choice and the economic analysis of anarchy: a survey, Public Choice 140, no.3-43-4 (Jul 2009): 503–538.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-009-9407-1Peter T. Leeson, Peter J. Boettke Two-tiered entrepreneurship and economic development, International Review of Law and Economics 29, no.33 (Sep 2009): 252–259.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irle.2009.02.005Peter T. Leeson The Laws of Lawlessness Leeson, The Journal of Legal Studies 38, no.22 (Jul 2015): 471–503.https://doi.org/10.1086/592003Peter T. Leeson The calculus of piratical consent: the myth of the myth of social contract, Public Choice 139, no.3-43-4 (Feb 2009): 443–459.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-009-9403-5Benjamin Powell, Edward Peter Stringham Public Choice and the Economic Analysis of Anarchy: A Survey, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2009).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1324407Benjamin Powell, Ryan Ford, Alex Nowrasteh Somalia after state collapse: Chaos or improvement?, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 67, no.3-43-4 (Sep 2008): 657–670.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2008.04.008 References, (Mar 2010): 117–129.https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203927465.bmattBenjamin Powell, Bart J. Wilson An experimental investigation of Hobbesian jungles, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 66, no.3-43-4 (Jun 2008): 669–686.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2006.06.011 Peter T. Leeson Social Distance and Self‐Enforcing Exchange Leeson, The Journal of Legal Studies 37, no.11 (Jul 2015): 161–188.https://doi.org/10.1086/588262 Peter T. Leeson An‐arrgh‐chy: The Law and Economics of Pirate Organization Peter T. Leeson, Journal of Political Economy 115, no.66 (Jul 2015): 1049–1094.https://doi.org/10.1086/526403Nuno M. Garoupa, Fernando Gomez-Pomar Paying the Price for Being Caught: The Economics of Manifest and Non-Manifest Theft in Roman Law, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2007).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1024754Bruce L. Benson Contractual nullification of economically-detrimental state-made laws, The Review of Austrian Economics 19, no.2-32-3 (Jun 2006): 149–187.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11138-006-7346-3Bruce H. Kobayashi Private versus Social Incentives in Cybersecurity: Law and Economics, (Nov 2005): 13–28.https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511511523.002Walter Block Is the Austrian School of Economics a Victim of "Economic Correctness?", Humanomics 20, no.33 (Mar 2004): 14–25.https://doi.org/10.1108/eb018894Robert B. Ekelund, Cheryl Dorton Criminal justice institutions as a common pool: the 19th century analysis of Edwin Chadwick, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 50, no.33 (Mar 2003): 271–294.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2681(02)00023-9Todd J. Zywicki The Nature of the State and the State of Nature: A Comment on Grady & McGuire's 'The Nature of Constitutions', SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2000).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.210010Francesco Parisi The Genesis of Liability in Ancient Law, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2000).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.229692 David Friedman Why Not Hang Them All: The Virtues of Inefficient Punishment Friedman, Journal of Political Economy 107, no.S6S6 (Jul 2015): S259–S269.https://doi.org/10.1086/250110Roderick T. Long The Irrelevance of Responsibility, Social Philosophy and Policy 16, no.22 (Jan 2009): 118–145.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0265052500002417Nicolas Marceau, Steeve Mongrain Dissuader le crime : un survol, L'Actualité économique 75, no.1-2-31-2-3 (Feb 2009): 123–147.https://doi.org/10.7202/602287arThráinn Eggertsson Sources of Risk, Institutions for Survival, and a Game against Nature in Premodern Iceland, Explorations in Economic History 35, no.11 (Jan 1998): 1–30.https://doi.org/10.1006/exeh.1997.0686 Tomas J. Philipson , and Richard A. Posner The Economic Epidemiology of Crime, The Journal of Law and Economics 39, no.22 (Oct 2015): 405–433.https://doi.org/10.1086/467354Thráinn Eggertsson No experiments, monumental disasters: Why it took a thousand years to develop a specialized fishing industry in Iceland, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 30, no.11 (Jul 1996): 1–23.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2681(96)00839-6 David Friedman More Justice for Less Money, The Journal of Law and Economics 39, no.11 (Oct 2015): 211–240.https://doi.org/10.1086/467348Walter Block Comment on Richard B. Freeman's "Labor markets and institutions in economic development", International Journal of Social Economics 23, no.11 (Jan 1996): 6–16.https://doi.org/10.1108/03068299610108845David D. Friedman Law as a Private Good: A Response to Tyler Cowen on the Economics of Anarchy, Economics and Philosophy 10, no.22 (Oct 2009): 319–327.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266267100004788Bruce L. Benson ARE PUBLIC GOODS REALLY COMMON POOLS? CONSIDERATIONS OF THE EVOLUTION OF POLICING AND HIGHWAYS IN ENGLAND, Economic Inquiry 32, no.22 (Apr 1994): 249–271.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.1994.tb01328.xBirgir T. R. Solvason Institutional evolution in the Icelandic Commonwealth, Constitutional Political Economy 4, no.11 (Dec 1993): 97–125.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02393284Bruce L. Benson The impetus for recognizing private property and adopting ethical behavior in a market economy: Natural law, government law, or evolving self-interest, The Review of Austrian Economics 6, no.22 (Jan 1993): 43–80.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00842704Tyler Cowen Law as a Public Good: The Economics of Anarchy, Economics and Philosophy 8, no.22 (Dec 2008): 249–267.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266267100003060John R. Lott DO WE PUNISH HIGH INCOME CRIMINALS TOO HEAVILY?, Economic Inquiry 30, no.44 (Oct 1992): 583–608.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.1992.tb01283.xH. Tristram Engelhardt Rights to Health Care: Created, Not Discovered, (Jan 1991): 103–111.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-28295-4_5Bruce L. Benson An evolutionary contractarian view of primitive law: The institutions and incentives arising under customary Indian law, The Review of Austrian Economics 5, no.11 (Jan 1991): 41–65.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00843930 J. Mark Ramseyer , and Minoru Nakazato The Rational Litigant: Settlement Amounts and Verdict Rates in Japan, The Journal of Legal Studies 18, no.22 (Oct 2015): 263–290.https://doi.org/10.1086/468148 J. Mark Ramseyer Water Law in Imperial Japan: Public Goods, Private Claims, and Legal Convergence, The Journal of Legal Studies 18, no.11 (Oct 2015): 51–77.https://doi.org/10.1086/468140H. Tristram Engelhardt Death by Free Choice: Modern Variations on an Antique Theme, (Jan 1989): 251–280.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7838-7_8 John R. Lott, Jr. Should the Wealthy Be Able to "Buy Justice"?, Journal of Political Economy 95, no.66 (Oct 2015): 1307–1316.https://doi.org/10.1086/261517CHRISTOPHER HOOD PRIVATIZING UK TAX LAW ENFORCEMENT?, Public Administration 64, no.33 (Sep 1986): 319–333.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.1986.tb00625.xRandy E. Barnett Pursuing justice in a free society: Part two—crime prevention and the legal order, Criminal Justice Ethics 5, no.11 (Jan 1986): 30–53.https://doi.org/10.1080/0731129X.1986.9991792Richard Salter Concurrent applicative implementations of nondeterministic algorithms, Computer Languages 8, no.22 (Jan 1983): 61–68.https://doi.org/10.1016/0096-0551(83)90029-2 Richard A. Posner Anthropology and Economics, Journal of Political Economy 88, no.33 (Oct 2015): 608–616.https://doi.org/10.1086/260890