Abstract This chapter explains how Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) can be used to compare different instances of deliberation. QCA is a method for establishing the configurations of conditions that are necessary or sufficient for an outcome. QCA uses learning from the mathematics of set theory to map and analyse the constellations of attributes of cases of a social phenomenon like democratic deliberation. In deliberative democracy research, QCA is useful for comparing a number of cases and understanding the conditions for good and bad deliberation. The chapter provides a guide to the approach and outlines the assumptions that distinguish QCA from other methods. It provides a quick stepwise guide to undertaking QCA. The chapter presents examples of how QCA has been used to understand when and how different designs of deliberative forums affect policymaking in Brazil, and how analysis of necessary conditions can better specify the contexts in which participatory budgets allow citizens to control decisions in participatory forums. Those findings give scholars and practitioners a greater confidence and justification for designing and implementing deliberative projects in diverse contexts.
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