one or another of these UTRs were found in the rat and all were spliced to the second exon (called exon D) containing the ATG initiator. Thus, transcription of the REST gene is likely to be initiated upstream of each of the three alternative 5'UTRs. This raises the possibility that there may be at least three promoters within REST, the usage of which might be context-dependent. In the present study, we identify and characterize three clusters of transcription initiation sites and three promoters within the 5' end of the mouse REST gene (mREST), investigate the expression in different cell types of exons A, B, and C encoding alternative 5' untranslated regions (UTRs), and delineate certain positive and negative regulatory regions that overlap with the multiple promoter activities of mREST.