RNA Meets Agriculture: from Molecular Mechanisms to Market Applications.

RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as a promising approach to sustainable crop protection. Extensive proof-of-concept studies have led to the approval of the first sprayable plant protection products in the United States and China, with Europe currently evaluating them. Although gene silencing mechanisms are among the most extensively studied processes in molecular biology, with two Nobel Prizes recognizing their discovery, the optimization of delivery systems and field performance remains an area currently undergoing extensive development. The uptake, stability, and efficacy of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) are influenced by species-specific and environmental factors, introducing variability that must be understood in order to select robust targets, design effective dsRNA, and assess risk. Although these knowledge gaps remain, they are increasingly addressed through systematic experimental and technological advances. This review summarizes the current knowledge on RNAi mechanisms in plants, fungi, and insects, emphasizing the differences in dsRNA uptake and processing between species. We highlight advances in formulations and delivery technologies, discuss how regulatory and ecological questions are being systematically investigated, and present examples of approved products that demonstrate the approach's feasibility and safety. Finally, we outline how remaining uncertainties can be addressed through targeted research and risk-mitigation strategies and how RNAi technologies can be incorporated into comprehensive pest and disease management systems.